Environmental implications of concrete industry practices in Cameroon: A life cycle approach

Rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa is driving a sharp increase in concrete use, raising significant environmental concerns. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of concrete production in Cameroon through a life cycle assessment (LCA), with the aim of identifying effective strategies for impact reduction. The analysis is based on primary data from 18 concrete batching plants across major urban centers, combined with national-level secondary data. It follows ISO 14040 standards and applies the IMPACT 2002+ method within SimaPro 9.0. The functional unit is 1 m³ of ready-mix concrete. Cement production accounts for the majority of impacts, contributing over 80% of greenhouse gas emissions (347 kg CO₂-eq/m³ out of 427 kg CO₂-eq/m³), 57% of non-renewable energy use, and most human health effects (168 DALYs/year). Clinker content is the main driver of emissions, while electricity use and transport distances have smaller effects. Results related to human toxicity vary across impact assessment methods. By combining empirical data with regional assumptions, this study addresses a gap in LCA research for emerging economies. It highlights the need for clinker substitution, improved energy efficiency, and optimized logistics to reduce the environmental footprint of concrete.