Efficient algorithms and protocols for energy conservation of wireless sensor networks: A survey and future directions

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an increasing role in very large-scale Health applications, environmental monitoring, industrial automation, science and military and agricultural industries, as well as smart and large cities. and large-scale applications. These nodes have limited resources such as limited memory and power. These nodes are responsible for transmitting data in real-time and must be secure and reliable. An important consideration is how to keep the energy of these nodes running efficiently for as long as possible. These requirements pose a major challenge in selecting appropriate protocols for routing and data transmission in a secure and continuous manner without interruption. Previous studies have focused on innovating and developing energy-saving algorithms and ensuring network scalability using machine learning methods to predict energy consumption behavior. This paper focuses on reviewing energy-optimizing algorithms and their types, energy-minimizing protocols and their working mechanisms, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as the relationship between energy and energy-optimizing encryption algorithms.