INFERTILITY IN WOMEN: CAUSES, EVALUATION, AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

Female infertility is a complex reproductive disorder characterized by the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse. It remains a major global health concern affecting nearly 10–15% of couples of reproductive age. The condition significantly influences psychological well-being, marital stability, and overall quality of life.

The etiology of female infertility is multifactorial, involving ovulatory dysfunction, tubal-peritoneal pathology, uterine abnormalities, endocrine disorders, and age-related decline in ovarian reserve. Modern diagnostic methods such as hormonal profiling, pelvic ultrasound, hysterosalpingography, and advanced reproductive imaging have improved the ability to identify underlying causes. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) including ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilization (IVF) have expanded treatment opportunities, offering favorable pregnancy outcomes even in severe infertility cases.