Crypto Crimes and the Invisible Economy: A Criminological Study of Bitcoin-Linked Offences

This study explores the criminological dimensions of Bitcoin-linked crimes within the broader context of the invisible digital economy. As cryptocurrencies operate with decentralized and pseudonymous features, they have become attractive tools for illicit financial activities, including money laundering, ransomware attacks, darknet market transactions, and fraud. Using a qualitative approach and secondary analysis of existing literature, reports, and cybercrime data, this research identifies the patterns, motivations, and regulatory challenges associated with crypto-based offenses. It highlights how the anonymity and global reach of Bitcoin complicate law enforcement's ability to trace financial flows and enforce accountability. The study concludes by proposing policy interventions such as improved blockchain analytics, international regulatory cooperation, and public awareness strategies. The findings contribute to contemporary criminological discourse on emerging digital economies and cyber-enabled crime.