PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS: GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational hypertension (GH) represent two of the most clinically significant pregnancy complications, contributing substantially to maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide. These disorders often develop in the second half of pregnancy and are associated with metabolic, vascular, and hormonal dysregulation that can adversely affect both mother and fetus. The rising prevalence of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and advanced maternal age has led to increased incidence of GDM and GH, making early detection and management critical. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and clinical manifestations is essential for preventing obstetric complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and postpartum metabolic disorders.