Green Supply Chain Management in Indian Manufacturing Units

The growing emphasis on environmental sustainability has compelled Indian manufacturing units to adopt Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices that integrate eco-friendly strategies across procurement, production, distribution, and reverse logistics. This paper presents a comprehensive literature-based analysis of GSCM implementation in the Indian context, drawing insights from recent studies on sustainability optimization, carbon policy, digitization, renewable energy integration, and the role of emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence. The reviewed literature reveals a complex relationship between green practices and performance metrics such as cost-efficiency, carbon emissions, and customer satisfaction. It also highlights critical sector-specific challenges, such as high investment costs, lack of digital infrastructure, and policy ambiguities, particularly in the automotive, rubber, and semiconductor industries. Furthermore, advanced modeling techniques like fuzzy logic, game theory, and structural equation modeling are increasingly being used to understand and optimize GSCM strategies. Based on these insights, the paper proposes a conceptual framework to guide Indian manufacturers in enhancing environmental performance while maintaining economic competitiveness. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders to overcome adoption barriers and promote resilient, sustainable supply chains in India.