Thematic Analysis of Bank Operational Risk: A Systematic Literature Review

Bank operational risk is a key challenge in the global banking industry, which continues to evolve with business complexity and regulatory changes. This risk includes internal process failures, human errors, technological system failures, or external events that can lead to significant financial losses. This study aims to thematically analyze these bank operational risks using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach that follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The results show that ignoring standard operating procedures (SOPs) is the most significant cause of operational risk from internal process failures, followed by errors in account opening and transaction processes, and inadequate quality control. Mistakes in executing transactions and procedures are the most common operational risk events caused by human error, followed by fraud and unauthorized trading. Operational risk due to technological system failures is largely due to operational errors related to the ability to use technology, followed by cyber attacks and unauthorized use of technology. Operational risk in banking due to external events predominantly occurs when there are unexpected changes in legislation, which is the case in almost all existing studies that have a significant impact on operational risk management in the banking sector.