Environment and Sustainable Development in the 21st Century: Challenges and Policy Interventions

The 21st century marks a crucial turning point in humanity’s relationship with the environment. Climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource depletion pose existential threats to the planet’s stability. Sustainable development, as envisioned by the United Nations, provides a framework for balancing environmental protection, economic growth, and social inclusion. This research paper explores the challenges faced in implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs) globally, analyzes policy interventions at national and international levels, and highlights successful case studies. The paper concludes that sustainable progress requires integrated governance, green technologies, and global cooperation rooted in environmental ethics.