Abstract:

This study assessed the quality of lighting illumination in the Central Business District (CBD) of Iloilo City, particularly Barangay San Rafael, by examining three key dimensions: visibility, visual comfort, and perceived safety. Using a quantitative, descriptive, comparative, and correlational research design, data were gathered from 187 respondents through a validated and highly reliable questionnaire measuring visibility (α = 0.92), visual comfort (α = 1.00), and safety (α = 0.94). Descriptive analyses revealed that visibility, visual comfort, and safety were consistently rated at High to Very High Levels, indicating that the existing lighting system generally supports clarity of surroundings, visual ease, and a sense of security during nighttime. Comparative analyses showed no significant differences in visibility, visual comfort, or safety based on sex. However, age, marital status, and educational attainment demonstrated significant differences across multiple indicators, suggesting that these demographic factors shape varying expectations and perceptual sensitivities toward lighting conditions. Notably, older adults, widowed respondents, and those with certain educational backgrounds tended to report higher levels of comfort and safety than younger and single respondents. Correlation analyses revealed very strong, positive, and statistically significant relationships among visibility, visual comfort, and safety (ρ = 0.904 to 0.974; p < .001). These results indicate that improvements in one aspect of lighting—such as brightness, color temperature, or light quality—enhance overall visibility and strengthen perceived safety in the area. Overall, the findings highlight that while current illumination in Iloilo City’s CBD is generally adequate, targeted lighting enhancements can further improve night-time experiences, particularly for younger adults and individuals with more stringent visual expectations. The study underscores the importance of human-centered, context-responsive lighting design in promoting safe, inclusive, and comfortable urban environments and provides empirical insights to guide future urban planning and smart lighting initiatives in Iloilo City.

Keywords: Urban lighting; Visibility; Visual comfort; Perceived safety; Street illumination; Human-centered design; Iloilo City.