Soliton-Based Framework for Solar Flares: Integrated Validation and Theoretical Foundation v3

The Magnetic Reconnection Model (MRM) has long dominated explanations of solar flares but falters in accounting for key observations: east-west ribbon alignment, pre-hard X-ray seismic emissions, energy deficits, and long-duration events. Here, we introduce the Coherent Soliton Avalanche (CSA) model, positing that flares arise from mergers of deep-seated toroidal plasma solitons in the tachocline—a shear layer at ∼0.65–0.7R⊙\sim 0.65–0.7 R_\odot∼0.65–0.7R⊙—releasing gravitational and electromagnetic binding energy via topological reconfiguration.

Evolving from shear-driven vortices (incubated in ~14.5 hours, with iron's ferromagnetic susceptibility enabling selective trapping of tachocline plasma), these solitons rise buoyantly over ~1 year, preserving ~20–50% of their dense, metal-rich core (ρ≈200\rho \approx 200ρ≈200 kg m−3^{-3}−3) against convective dilution. Merger energetics yield ΔEtotal≈3.26×1026\Delta E_{\text{total}} \approx 3.26 \times 10^{26}ΔEtotal≈3.26×1026 J, powering X-class flares (∼1025\sim 10^{25}∼1025 J) with ~4–5% release; partitioning: ~10% axial (ribbons/CMEs), ~50% kinetic (cascades), ~40% thermal.

Validated by SDO/HMI data (15,926 AR centroids, 2010–2018: rigid co-rotation -13.5°/day, equatorward drift -0.015°/day) and the 2013 Nov 10 X1.1 flare (Shen et al., 2025: J-shaped VEC ribbons, approaching centroids), CSA resolves MRM anomalies, derives the solar cycle from soliton convergence, and scales to GRB 250702B as stellar analogs.

This self-contained framework—testable via helioseismology (p-mode skews), spectroscopy (Fe/O ~4–6 in loops), and simulations—supersedes priors (Zenodo:17598486), emphasizing subphotospheric mechanics over coronal primacy.