The 55-entity triangular genetic code matrix and the 3 to 2 ratio

Description

Methods

Today, it is now firmly established that living matter is organized via a called “universal” genetic code and that this genetic code encodes only, and very precisely, twenty proteinogenic amino acids. This number is not arbitrary, it is equal to 5x. More precisely this number of 20 entities is equal to 3x + 2x entities with a value of x equal to 4.

 In its entirety, the genetic code is organized into sixty-four coding entities to which correspond sixty-one amino acids and three nonsense signals. These three different values are therefore in no way equal to 5x entities. . It turns out that each amino acid is associated with a seemingly random number of codons.

 In fact, codons are usually encoded with codons at the same first two identical nucleobases. In this universal genetic code, each amino acid is associated with a set of codons with two identical first bases varying from 1 to 4 codons.

 Three amino acids are encoded with more than one of these sets at the same first nucleobases. Arginine, Leucine and Serine encoded by these 4-codon sets are also encoded with 2-codon sets.

 We therefore propose, to consider only a reduced genetic code of these smaller sets since for these three AAs*, a set of larger codons also encodes them. We therefore subtract from the initial 64 codons these three times two codons and we do not consider the three "Stop" codons either. Thus, we lighten the initial genetic code of 9 codons and therefore keep only 55 codons for the coding of the 20 amino acids.

 This residual number of 55 codons is therefore equal to 5x entities with a value of x equal to 11. Thus, we reduce the genetic code to 5x coding entities, the DNA triplets, and to 5x coded entities, the canonical amino acids. We therefore propose a matrix of the genetic code of 55 triplets for 55 amino acids.

 The number 55 is very special in number theory. This is directly related to the decimal system. It is in fact a triangular number with value T₁₀. That is, it is the sum of the first strictly positive ten numbers from 1 to 10.

 The study of a lighter genetic code configured in a triangular matrix of 55 entities reveals many singular phenomena in the distribution of amino acids differentiated according to the concept of their numbering proposed and introduced in the article  “Numbering of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids and new alphanumerical nomenclature proposal to them” [1].