EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING COMPETITIVENESS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR
Authors/Creators
Description
Competitiveness in the education sector — from primary and secondary schooling
to higher education and vocational training — is shaped by a complex interaction of
external and internal factors. External factors include government policy, funding
mechanisms, demographic shifts, labor market demands, internationalisation, and
technological change. Internal factors include institutional governance, academic
quality, human capital (faculty and staff), curriculum relevance, institutional
reputation and branding, and operational efficiency. This paper synthesises literature
and conceptual analysis to identify the most influential factors, explain how they
interact, and propose practical implications for policymakers and institutional
leaders seeking to increase competitiveness while upholding equity and educational
quality.
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Additional details
Dates
- Issued
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2025-11-16
References
- 1. The list below contains widely cited works and institutional reports that inform the concepts discussed in this article. 2.Altbach, P. G. (2004). Globalization and the university: Myths and realities. International Higher Education. 3.Marginson, S. (2007). Global trends in higher education competition and the role of rankings. Higher Education Management and Policy. Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Free Press. 4.Salmi, J. (2009). The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities. World Bank/Global University Network for Innovation. 5.Trow, M. (2006). Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal higher education. In International Handbook of Higher Education. OECD. (annual). Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 287 6.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. UNESCO. (annual). Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 7.World Bank. (various). World Development Reports and education sector reports. World Bank Publications. Teixeira, P., & Khosrow-Pour, M. (eds.) (selected chapters). Higher Education Policy and Institutional Management. (various authors) 8.Brennan, J., & Teichler, U. (2008). The future of higher education and the knowledge society. Higher Education Policy. 9.Healey, N. M., & Jenkins, A. (2009). Developing a strategic approach to internationalisation: Institutional examples. Journal of Studies in International Education. 10.Sahlberg, P. (2011). Finnish Lessons: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? Teachers College Press. Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education.