A review of different methods to find and date wild boar carcasses in different countries

The detection, removal and disposal of wild boar carcasses in areas affected by African Swine Fever (ASF) is key to understanding disease persistence and improving the effective management of risk. This report reviews different methods of finding and dating wild boar carcasses, considering the factors that affect their effectiveness and practical application in the field. We assessed these issues based on peer-reviewed scientific literature, gray literature, and interviews with government agencies and wildlife professionals in organisations and networks across Europe. Two decades after the introduction of African Swine Fever Virus genotype II in Europe, systematic descriptions of the best methods, available protocols, or detailed guidance remain limited. However, relevant research has recently been conducted in Central Europe addressing the two evaluated issues. Carcass search methods can be broadly categorized into four main types: (i) targeted patrols in areas likely to host wild boar carcasses; (ii) systematic grid searches of a defined area; (iii) the use of detection dogs; and (iv) drone-assisted searches. In our sample, the latter three methods were the most frequently employed, with similar levels of representation. Among the relevant sources identified for assessing carcass dating methods, 36% were based on experimental and controlled studies, while the remainder relied on observational data with limited or no experimental control. Most sources adapted previously published methodologies focused on the direct morphological assessment of the decomposition process, typically providing a stage-based classification of carcass decay rather than a precise temporal estimate. Direct carcass observation was employed either alone or in combination with additional approaches such as camera trapping, metabolomics, entomology, and histological analysis. Field trials are needed to test the effectiveness of carcass searches and the precision of carcass dating, as well as to adapt and validate methodologies in different European contexts. This review of various carcass detection and dating methods highlights the diversity of approaches used in different countries, emphasising the preliminary nature of the research and the need for further investigation and field trials.