Published November 10, 2025
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Fish-life in the Late Miocene Lake Pannon of the Vienna Basin – a review
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The long-lived brackish Late Miocene (Pannonian) Lake Pannon formed a large endorheic lake in Europe known for its explosive endemic speciation in mollusks. Unlike the many decades of intense research of fossil mollusks in Lake Pannon, relatively little research has been conducted into its fish fauna including otoliths. Here, I review the Pannonian otoliths from the westernmost outlier of Lake Pannon, the Vienna Basin in Austria, and some smaller samples from the Danubian and Pannonian basins in Hungary. In contrast to the richness and rapid adaptive evolution of mollusk taxa during the Pannonian, the otolith-based fish fauna is relatively lean in species, with 29 species including four new species and four in open nomenclature. Otoliths were found in brackish lake and fluviatile sediments, and freshwater lake deposits away from Lake Pannon. Sixteen species represent genuine lacustrine fishes, with the remainder stemming from freshwater environments or having been transported from freshwater environments into Lake Pannon. Half of the lake fish species are endemic to Lake Pannon. This compares to 36 otolith-based species identified in time-equivalent deposits in the restricted marine Eastern Paratethys, which were almost 100% endemic. The other 50% of the Lake Pannon fishes have roots in the restricted marine Middle Miocene Central Paratethys that preceded the Lake Pannon phase. Unlike mollusks, therefore, the fish fauna of Lake Pannon is characterized furthermore by a relative stasis in evolution with relatively long-ranging species. The paleoenvironmental affinities of the fishes identified from otoliths is also discussed. The new taxa described are Pannonigadus gen. nov. (Gadidae), Gadiculus weinfurteri sp. nov. (Gadidae), Eleotris pannonicus sp. nov. (Eleotridae), Ponticola planodorsalis sp. nov., and Toxopyge bradicae sp. nov. (both Gobiidae).
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References
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