Published November 30, 2025 | Version CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
Journal article Open

Toward Stable and Efficient Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.

Contributors

Contact person:

  • 1. Scholar, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
  • 2. Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
  • 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.

Description

Abstract: Mixed-cation, mixed-halide lead halide perovskites have rapidly progressed from laboratory curiosities to contenders for next-generation photovoltaics. By judiciously alloying A-site cations (Cs⁺, FA⁺, MA⁺) and halide anions (I⁻/Br⁻), these materials marry outstanding optoelectronic quality and bandgap tunability, enabling single-junction devices exceeding 26% and hybrid perovskite–silicon tandems to approach ~35% certified efficiency. Despite these gains, light-induced halide segregation, ion migration, interfacial recombination, and environmental/thermal instability remain central challenges for scale-up and lifetime. This review synthesises the historical context and recent progress on triple-cation, mixed-halide absorbers; surveys at least twenty key studies spanning passivation such as FABr treatments, defect/strain management, and tandem integration; and outlines practical, research-grade synthesis/processing steps for Cs–FA– MA Pb (I, Br) ₃. We discuss characterization workflows via XRD, GIWAXS, PL/TPV/TRPL, UPS/Kelvin probe, JV under MPP tracking, EQE-EL reciprocity, and ISOS durability protocols, outline consensus findings, and map future directions, including wide-bandgap perovskites for stable tandems, ion-migrationaware design of devices, and AI-guided compositional/process discovery. Certified record data from NREL anchors the current efficiency landscape.

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Additional details

Identifiers

DOI
10.35940/ijese.L2625.13121125
EISSN
2319-6378

Dates

Accepted
2025-11-15
Manuscript received on 24 October 2025 | First Revised Manuscript received on 30 October 2025 | Second Revised Manuscript received on 05 November 2025 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 November 2025 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2025.

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