Biomechanical Analysis of Running Gait Patterns: The Relationship between Foot Strike Type, Injury Prevalence, and Performance Efficiency in Long-Distance Runners

Understanding the biomechanical characteristics of running gait patterns is essential for optimizing performance and minimizing injury risk among long-distance runners. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between foot strike type classified as rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot strike and both injury prevalence and running efficiency. A total of 60 trained long-distance runners (30 male, 30 female) were examined using 3D motion capture and ground reaction force analysis during standardized treadmill running sessions. Kinematic and kinetic parameters, including stride length, contact time, loading rate, and vertical stiffness, were compared across foot strike patterns. Statistical analysis revealed that rearfoot strikers exhibited higher vertical impact forces and greater incidence of overuse injuries, particularly in the knee and hip regions, whereas forefoot strikers demonstrated reduced impact loading but increased calf and Achilles tendon stress. Midfoot strikers showed the most balanced biomechanical profile, with moderate impact forces and optimal running economy. The findings suggest that individualized gait assessment and training interventions tailored to foot strike patterns can enhance performance efficiency while reducing injury risk in long-distance runners.