Design, Installation, and Cost Analysis for Various Power Sources

This study presents the design, installation, and cost analysis of a 450 W direct current (DC) photovoltaic (PV) solar power system tailored for residential applications in Nigeria. The system eliminates the need for inverters, transformers, and rectifiers to promote cost-effectiveness, light weight, and efficiency in DC-powered devices. Using a rooftop-mounted configuration, the project integrates solar panels, charge controllers, and lead-acid batteries optimized for off-grid electricity supply. Load variation tests were conducted under varying DC and alternating current (AC) conditions to assess system performance and efficiency. The analysis revealed battery voltage stability ranging from 13.6 V (fully charged) to 10.6 V (discharged) and consistent operation under loads of 110–158 W for 10 hours. A comprehensive cost comparison showed the DC solar power system achieved cost savings of 35.1% over an AC solar system, 98.1% over a generator, and 81% over electricity from the Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC). These findings demonstrate the system’s superior cost-efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability, providing a scalable model for off-grid power delivery in Nigeria and similar contexts.