Thermodynamic Structure of the Universe

This paper presents a cosmological framework based on Entropy Curvature Cosmology (ECC), in which the Higgs field couples directly to the entropy–curvature field, establishing event horizons as equilibrium surfaces between localized and distributed energy. The ECC–gravity Lagrangian modifies Einstein’s field equations by introducing an effective Newtonian constant and new horizon stability conditions. Importantly, the established laws of General Relativity remain valid within this framework, requiring only minor adjustments to incorporate the Higgs–gravity coupling.

Applying ECC to the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric, we derive modified Friedmann equations that include entropy generation from primordial and supermassive black holes (PBHs and SMBHs). This entropy evolution drives cosmic acceleration without invoking dark energy, while naturally describing phenomena commonly attributed to dark matter. The model reproduces the recombination epoch at approximately 380,000 years, consistent with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations. Furthermore, the framework predicts a universe that evolves predominantly with matter, suppresses antimatter formation, and ultimately undergoes a cyclic “Big Bounce” initiated by the collapse of a universe‑mass black hole (UMBH) event horizon.