România în "Science & Engineering Indicators 2014". I. Statistica Descriptivă a Indicatorilor şi Ratelor.

Every two years, the National Science Foundation publishes a comprehensive statistical report on scientific
research, innovation, science education and public perception of science, named “Science and Engineering
Indicators” (SEI). SEI is, naturally, focused on characterising the USA, but for this purpose also includes interna-
tional comparisons. Romania is mentioned in some of these comparisons, especially in the datasets attached
to the SEI report.
We searched for the occurence of ‘Romania’ in the text and data, extracted the indicators and statements
we found and reprocessed some of the data anexes that also included statistics about our country.
Romanian pupils perform around or just below average in TIMSS mathematics and science tests in the
fourth grade, but this performance degrades compared to world average in the eighth grade. About 13500
romanians study abroad. Yearly, an average of 120 romanians obtain a doctorate in the USA, particularly in
mathematics and physics. 4764 obtain their doctorate in Romania yearly, which per capita is comparable with
other EU countries. However, the number of doctorate diplomas per nominal GDP is much higher than the EU
range. The number of academic articles per doctorate awarded is much lower in Romania (0.34) than in most
developed countries. The overall number of research articles has increased in Romania with 5.8% per year
until 2011, an average rate among emerging countries. This increase took place exclusively between 2006 and
2011. Only between 1 and 6 triadic patents were obtained from Romania, yearly, during the last 15 years. In
2010, per million inhabitants, romanians received 0.16 triadic patents, compared to a world average of 7.32.
Also, Romania has the highest ratio of articles per triadic patent (515) among the countries considered in SEI
(3–471; world average 15.88).
Article output from Romania is mostly in physics, chemistry and mathematics, where, per capita and per
GDP, it is higher than world average. Biomedical and social science contributions are much lower than world
average, but experience high growth rates. Physics and chemistry growth is lower than world average, but
mathematics and computer science, besides being well represented, also grow faster than world average.
“Knowledge and Technology Intensive” branches of the economy have a much lower contribution to the
GDP of Romania than in the whole European Union—about half. However, in nominal terms, between 1997 and
2012, computer programming services increased over 17 times, bussiness and health services over 10 times,
education services 9 times and telecomunications 6.70 times, while nominal GDP increased only 4.88 times.
High technology manufacturing grew 1.96 times over the same interval, barely above inflation (that was 43%)
and well below GDP growth.
Thus, mathematics, computer science and the corresponding computer programming services and teleco-
mmunications appear as a strong, growing and promising fields of both research and economy. The contrasting
low overall performance of secondary school pupils in mathematics, if not suitably addressed, might influence
future growth of this sector.
Health, business and education services, as well as biomedical and social sciences research are emerging
fields, starting from a low base, but growing relatively fast.
All manufacturing, as well as physics, chemistry and engineering, are established fields but they are charac-
terised by slow growth. International (triadic) patents are very rare. The high technology manufacturing sectors
make the lowest contribution to the GDP and their growth si very slow compared to GDP growth.