From Data to Context: Interoperable Datasets for Assessing, Reconstructing, and Valorising the Landscape and Tangible Cultural Heritage of Southern Umbria - Deliverable of the Spoke 8 Project "Sustainability and Resilience of Tangible Cultural Heritage"

Introduction

This research output presents an integrated digital framework for the documentation, reconstruction, and interpretation of ancient Umbrian landscapes, developed within Spoke 8 “Sustainability and Resilience of Tangible Cultural Heritage” of the CHANGES Partnership "Cultural Heritage Active Innovation for Next-Gen Sustainable Society".
The work constitutes a deliverable of the Spoke 8 project, designed to support the creation of interoperable datasets connecting archaeological, cartographic, topographical, geo-environmental, and documentary sources within a unified CAD-GIS environment.

The system is structured into multiple, interrelated datasets that organize complementary information: geospatial and documentary sources, historical cartography, archaeological and topographical records, georeferenced graphical data, and thematic deliverables. Together, these components form a scalable digital infrastructure ensuring metadata standardization, interoperability, and compliance with the FAIR principles.

Applied to the Valnerina area, with a focus on the Municipality of Arrone (Terni, Umbria) as a pilot case study, the framework supports the diachronic reconstruction of the cultural landscape and the analysis of spatial relationships between human settlement, environment, and territorial transformation.

The resulting model constitutes both a methodological reference and an operational tool for the management of Tangible Cultural Heritage, promoting sustainable data integration, reproducibility, and open access. It establishes a transferable framework for future regional and interdisciplinary applications, combining scientific rigor, spatial analysis, and heritage conservation within an interoperable digital ecosystem.

Data collection was conducted with the objective of building an interoperable digital system capable of integrating heterogeneous sources related to the Tangible Cultural Heritage and ancient landscapes of Umbria. The process combined bibliographic, archival, cartographic, archaeological, and geospatial resources, harmonized within a unified CAD-GIS environment.

The resulting framework is organized into a system of four interconnected datasets (A-D), each designed to serve a specific function within the integrated model:

Dataset A compiles geospatial and documentary resources derived from institutional repositories and geoportals.

Dataset B gathers historical maps from the 16th–19th centuries, documenting the territorial and environmental perception of Umbria, particularly the Valnerina and the Municipality of Arrone (TR).

Dataset C structures archaeological and topographical information, establishing the core relational framework for territorial and chronological analysis.

Dataset D compiles georeferenced graphical and cartographic data, linking descriptive records to their spatial representations.

All datasets were harmonized through metadata normalization and spatial referencing, forming a multi-layered digital framework used for analytical and reconstructive purposes within the project.

This output builds upon the methodological and scientific foundations developed through previous research, "Progetto Lazio Antico", conducted between 2019 and 2023 under an inter-institutional agreement between the Lazio Region and Sapienza University of Rome, focused on the digital documentation, mapping, and analysis of archaeological and architectural heritage across southern Lazio (Capanna and Carafa 2018; Carafa and De Paolis 2021; Carafa et al. 2021; Carafa 2022, 2024; Ippoliti 2023). That initiative aimed to consolidate and harmonize a wide range of sources (archival, cartographic, archaeological, and photographic) within a unified geospatial system supporting heritage conservation, landscape planning, and regional management.

Within the framework of Spoke 8 the geographical scope and scientific objectives of this research have been significantly expanded. The study now extends to northern Lazio and southern Umbria, encompassing a wider cultural and environmental region corresponding to the historical territories of southern Etruria, Sabina, and the Upper Tiber Valley (Carafa and Bianchini 2025; Carafa et al. 2025).

This broader framework provides the basis for the present research product, which applies and refines CHANGES methodologies through the integration of geo-environmental, historical, and topographical datasets into an interoperable digital infrastructure. The resulting dataset supports the diachronic reconstruction of landscape transformations and the analysis of spatial relationships among settlements, infrastructures, and environmental systems, establishing a model of best practice for linking scientific research, digital innovation, and sustainable heritage governance. 

Datasets Description

Dataset A: Geospatial Data Sources and Services

Dataset A serves as an interoperable dossier or checklist, designed to enable access, download, and coordinated use of tools, services, and digital resources relevant to the territorial analysis of the Umbria region. This framework promotes semantic and technical coherence among diverse data sources, fostering reproducibility, interoperability, and the sharing of results within research practices and in the management of Umbria’s cultural and landscape heritage.

Dataset A is provided in Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) format and includes two worksheets: one dedicated to metadata, which describes the dataset’s structure, fields, and sources, and a main worksheet containing 69 records organized into eight descriptive fields. Each record corresponds to a geospatial resource (documentary, cartographic, or digital) used in the Umbrian case study and is linked to a document, dataset, or digital repository published by national or local institutions responsible for Tangible Cultural Heritage management. The dataset is conceived as a tool for the documentation, organization, and systematization of the geographical sources employed in the study, with the objective of supporting the mapping, classification, and accessibility of territorial and cultural resources.

This dataset includes a worksheet containing metadata and a worksheet with the following columns:

·        Id_Source: a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to each resource to ensure traceability and cross-referencing with other datasets.

·        Title: the official title or designation of the resource, corresponding to publications, archival documents, digital datasets, or visual materials.

·        Year: the year of publication or creation of the resource, allowing chronological organization and filtering of the materials.

·        Author: the author, editor, or institutional body responsible for producing or maintaining the resource.

·        Type of file: the typological classification of the material.

The resources include:

o   Shapefile (.shp): vector geospatial datasets used to represent archaeological sites, boundaries, and infrastructures within GIS environments.

o   GeoTIFF (.tif, .tiff): raster images and orthophotos containing georeferenced topographical or environmental data.

o   KML (.kml): Keyhole Markup Language files used to visualize and share geospatial data in applications such as Google Earth or web-based GIS platforms.

o   GeoJSON (.geojson): lightweight format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures, commonly used in web mapping and open-data environments.

o   PDF (.pdf): textual and graphic documents such as scientific publications, technical reports, and historical maps.

o   WMS (Web Map Service): online map layers provided by institutional or regional geoportals, enabling visualization and integration of spatial data.

o   TIFF/JPEG/PNG: photographic and visual documentation of heritage assets.

o   Other formats: additional materials (e.g., .csv tables, .doc reports) used as auxiliary documentation.

·        Link: the digital access path or URL indicating the online repository or storage location of each file.

·        Copyright: information on intellectual property rights, usage restrictions, and license type (e.g., proprietary).

·        Accessibility: the accessibility level (open access, restricted, or institutional), defining the degree of availability for consultation and reuse. 

All fields are standardized using controlled vocabularies to ensure metadata harmonization and interoperability. The dataset classifies heterogeneous resources, ranging from spatial data to archival documents, within a unified digital structure, facilitating their integration into georeferenced analytical environments developed under the CHANGES framework.

 

Dataset B: Historical Cartographic Objects

Dataset B was developed to analyze and document ancient landscape features that have since disappeared but were still clearly represented in historical maps, providing crucial evidence for the diachronic reconstruction of Umbria’s territorial and environmental transformations. Each record corresponds to a unique historical map (mainly printed maps, engravings, or illustrated charts) produced between the 16th century and the Italian Unification (1861), and documented in libraries, archives, or digital repositories. These maps represent key historical sources for understanding the environmental, geographical, and settlement dynamics of Umbria, offering valuable insights into landscape configurations, infrastructures, and territorial perceptions over time.

The dataset is provided in Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) format and consists of two worksheets: a metadata sheet and a sheet named “MAPS”, containing 49 records and 18 descriptive fields. 

This second worksheet includes the following columns:

·        Id_Map: a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to each map, ensuring traceability and cross-referencing with other datasets in the CHANGES framework.

·        Technique: the printing or drawing technique used in the map’s production.

·        Year: the year or time span of production.

·        Title: the original title or caption of the map as reported in the source document or atlas.

·        Author: the name of the mapmaker, engraver, or publishing authority.

·        A textual summary describing the map’s content, historical context, and bibliographic notes. The information included in this field corresponds to the descriptive entries provided in the Dossier of the Istituto per la Storia dell’Umbria Contemporanea (ISUC), compiled by Valentina Mariani and entitled “Immagini, percezioni e realtà dell’Umbria tra età moderna e contemporanea (secoli XVI–XX)”. The original dossier is accessible and downloadable at the following link: https://consiglio.regione.umbria.it/isuc/archivio/dossier

·        Material: the physical medium of the artifact.

·        Dimension: the physical size of the map, expressed in millimeters.

·        Colour: indicates whether the map is printed in color or black and white.

·        Conservation: the preservation status.

·        Place of conservation: the institution or archive currently holding the map.

·        Inventory: the archival or library inventory number, where available.

·        Bibliography: references to bibliographic sources describing or citing the map.

·        Link: the online access path or permanent URL to the digital version of the map.

·        Copyright: information on ownership, reproduction rights, and usage permissions.

All data fields are standardized and curated to ensure interoperability and cross-dataset integration with other cultural heritage and spatial information systems. The dataset provides a harmonized digital catalogue of historical cartographic sources documenting the environmental and territorial evolution of Umbria.

It supports research on mapmaking techniques, authorship, and regional representation, facilitating the integration of historical and cartographic evidence into geospatial analytical frameworks developed within the CHANGES project, and promoting the preservation and digital accessibility of historical maps as cultural heritage assets.

 

Dataset C: Archaeological-Topographical database

Dataset C is a database provided in Microsoft Excel (xlsx) format and compiles structured information related to Tangible Cultural Heritage, focusing on archaeological sites, topographical units, chronological periods, and phases, together with their associated metric and reference data. This dataset was specifically developed for the pilot case study presented in this article and therefore encompasses only the archaeological and topographical sources that can be directly associated with the territory located within the administrative boundaries of the Municipality of Arrone (TR). 

The compilation of Dataset_C derives from an extensive review of the published bibliography on the subject, the consultation of archival sources, and from information obtained from field activities, such as surveys and archaeological excavations, as well as from the systematic analysis of a selection of repositories classified in Dataset_A:

·        AID_1: Vincoli diretti beni archeologici

·        AID_2: Beni culturali – archeologici – Tratturi MT art. 10 D.Lgs. 42/2004.

·        AID_3: Beni culturali – aree archeologiche art. 10 D.Lgs. 42/2004.

·        AID_4: Beni culturali – archeologici – Tratturi art. 10 del D.Lgs. 42/2004.

·        AID_5: Vincoli indiretti beni archeologici.

·        AID_6: Beni archeologici.

·        MIC_1: Catasto Gregoriano.

·        MIC_2: Catalogo – Vincoli in rete.

·        MIC_3: Catalogo Generale dei Beni Culturali.

·        MIC_4: Geoportale Nazionale per l’Archeologia.

·        MIC_5: Cantieri in Umbria.

·        UMB_25: Ricognizione dei centri storici e viabilità storica.

·        UMB_26: Siti archeologici ed elementi del paesaggio antico.

·        UMB_27: Beni paesaggistici.

·        UMB_28: Abbazie e principali siti benedettini.

·        UMB_29: Ville e dimore storiche.

·        UMB_30: Principali siti di architettura militare e religiosa.

The file consists of seven worksheets, one dedicated to the metadata, one to the bibliography and the other five dedicated to a specific category of archaeological-topographical information, designed to ensure interoperability and to support integrated spatial and temporal analyses.

These classification and structuring procedures were developed within the research activities of the Chair of Classical Archaeology at the Department of Classics, Sapienza University of Rome, under the scientific coordination of Professor Paolo Carafa (Carafa 2021).

·        The 0_AGER sheet contains the basic information about the territorial area under analysis. In this case, the ager corresponds to the territory within the boundaries of the Municipality of Arrone (TR).

·        The 1_SITE sheet contains the basic information on archaeological sites, defined as portions of the territory where coherent sets of material and structural evidence related to one or more human activities have been identified. Each site represents a coherent spatial unit, defined based on the distribution, density, and nature of the archaeological and architectural remains. A site may correspond, for example, to a sanctuary (including temples, altars, and accessory structures), a productive system (residential complex with oil press, basins, and channels), an urban or rural settlement (public and private buildings), or a necropolis (tombs and funerary structures).

·        The 2_TU sheet describes the Topographical Units (TUs), which represent the internal spatial subdivisions of sites. Each TU corresponds to a homogeneous portion of space characterized by a specific morphological, functional, or structural configuration. TUs can be analyzed from both a topographical perspective—since they define the shape and position of the evidence in space—and a chronological one, as each unit may have undergone transformations or modifications over time.

·        TUs are organized into distinct chronological levels, recorded in the 3_PERIOD and 4_PHASE sheets. Periods represent broad temporal intervals during which a building or context maintained a substantially unified architectural layout, while Phases correspond to shorter intervals marked by minor interventions or secondary modifications that did not alter the main architectural scheme.

·        The 5_DATUM sheet contains references used for geolocation and spatial integration of information across the dataset. Each ID_DATUM uniquely corresponds to the identifier of a graphic element contained in the Dataset_D, allowing for a direct association between descriptive data and their corresponding geometric representations. 

This relationship ensures consistency between the alphanumeric (Dataset C) and geographical (Dataset D) components of the information system. The collection of Sites and their associated Topographical Units define the Territory, understood as the sum of all TUs and Sites encompassed within a single geographic framework. In this case study, the territory corresponds to the administrative boundaries of the Municipality of Arrone (TR). 

This hierarchy: TU → Site → Territory (Ager), provides the structural basis for the organization and management of data within the Archaeological–Territorial Information System developed for the project.

Each TU is identified through an integrated system of information and is classified according to its temporal articulation in periods and phases.

Every TU is assigned a unique alphanumeric code that synthesizes its main identifying elements, ensuring both traceability and interoperability. 

For example, the code Arr1_2_1_2_V_P_o_del_arc corresponds to:

·        Arr = Ager/Territory (Municipality of Arrone).

·        1 = Site identifier (Sanctuary on Mount Arrone).

·        _1 = progressive number of the TU within the site (rock cavity).

·        _1 = corresponding Period.

·       _2 = Phase referring to the rearrangement of the cavity through the construction of a plastered wall.

·        First uppercase letter (Visibility): V = Visible; NV = Not Visible.

·        Second uppercase letter (State of preservation): P = Preserved; NP = Not Preserved; U = Unknown.

·        Third lowercase letter (Localization): o = Original position; u = Uncertain position.

·        Fourth element (Representation): del = Delimited; ndel = Not Delimited.

·        Final group of letters (Type of source): arc = Archaeological; let = Literary.

This coding system enables the immediate linkage of each record to its territorial context, site, specific TU, chronological framework, and the type of source from which it derives.

The dataset thus supports integrated spatial and diachronic analyses, ensuring coherent and scalable management of archaeological data within a unified information framework.

Dataset D: Spatially referenced graphical sources

Dataset D consists of a georeferenced DWG file created using AutoCAD Map 3D 2025 in the EPSG:3004 coordinate reference system (Monte Mario / Italy Zone 1). The dataset is also replicated in KML and Shapefile format; however, in these last two versions the WMS connections and rasters images are not directly loaded and must be accessed separately through their corresponding service URLs listed in Dataset A.

This file integrates:

·        WMS connections to major national and regional geoportals (only DWG).

·        Georeferenced raster layers that enable the direct visualization of selected cartographic and topographical sources (only DWG).

·        Archaeological vector elements, corresponding to Topographical Units (TUs), are represented as spatial features in Dataset_D. Each of these features is linked to its descriptive record in Dataset_C through the unique identifier ID_DATUM, which establishes a one-to-one correspondence between the alphanumeric data stored in Dataset_C and their geometric representations in Dataset_D.

·        Geomorphological vector elements were created using georeferenced geomorphological layers derived from GIS analysis of the file: INGV_1 (DTM_Tinitaly).

The Dataset_D contains the following geospatial georeferenced sources and services (see Dataset_A):

·        MASE_1: Uso del suolo - Corine Land Cover anno 1990.

·        MASE_2: Uso del suolo - Corine Land Cover anno 2000.

·        MASE_3: Uso del suolo - Corine Land Cover anno 2006.

·        MASE_4: Uso del suolo - Corine Land Cover anno 2012.

·        MASE_5: Prodotti LiDAR - Regione Umbria.

·        MASE_7: Unità amministrative regionali, provinciali e comunali 2020.

·        UMB_2: Carta Fitoclimatica 1:200.000.

·        UMB_3: Carta Geobotanica 1:50.000.

·        UMB_5: Mosaico delle mappe catastali (edizione 1985).

·        UMB_6: Carta Tecnica Regionale formato raster a scala 1:10.000.

·        UMB_7: Carta Tecnica Regionale formato raster a scala 1:5.000.

·        UMB_8: Ecografico Catastale Regionale - 2005-2010

·        UMB_15: Morfologia del suolo, singolarità geologiche e reticolo idrografico.

·        UMB_16: Zone di elevata diversità floristico vegetazionale.

·        UMB_17: Zone di particolare interesse naturalistico ambientale.

·        UMB_18: Uso del suolo. Copertura forestale.

·        UMB_19: Uso del suolo. Copertura agricola.

·        UMB_20: Sistema insediativo e rete delle infrastrutture.

·        UMB_21: Siti di interesse naturalistico.

·        UMB_22: Rete ecologica regionale.

·        UMB_23: Rete di mobilità ecologica di interesse regionale.

·        UMB_24: Attività estrattive.

·        UMB_25: Ricognizione dei centri storici e viabilità storica.

·        UMB_26: Siti archeologici ed elementi del paesaggio antico.

·        UMB_27: Beni paesaggistici.

·        UMB_28: Abbazie e principali siti benedettini.

·        UMB_29: Ville e dimore storiche.

·        UMB_30: Principali siti di architettura militare e religiosa.

·        UMB_32: Carta geologica.

·        UMB_36: Zonizzazione del Parco Fluviale del Nera.

The file contains the georeferenced traces of the raster datasets, but not the raster files themselves. To correctly visualize the geospatial data within the DWG file, the corresponding raster files must be downloaded from Dataset A and re-uploaded into Dataset D. Once this operation is completed, the images will be automatically displayed. Please note that, for files originally in PDF format, the images must first be converted into TIFF, PNG, or JPG format before being loaded.

The WMS connections, configured according to OGC standards, enable dynamic access to these and other external datasets, such as orthophotos, cadastral layers, and environmental data, allowing users to retrieve, visualize, and overlay multiple sources directly within the georeferenced environment. 

The dataset maintains sub-kilometer planimetric accuracy for regional maps, with accuracy oscillating around one meter for territorial units (TU), and sub-metric accuracy for WMS services, is interoperable with major GIS formats (DXF, SHP, GeoPackage), and can be accessed or edited using AutoCAD, QGIS, or equivalent CAD/GIS software.

The dataset environment is fully interoperable and can be converted or reprojected into other coordinate reference systems, such as WGS84 (EPSG:4326) and RDN2008 / UTM Zone 32N (EPSG:7791), ensuring compatibility with additional datasets and compliance with international mapping standards. Coordinate transformations from EPSG:3004 (Monte Mario / Italy Zone 1) to RDN2008 / EPSG:7791 and WGS84 / EPSG:4326 were carried out using the VertoOnline service provided by the Italian Military Geographic Institute (IGM; https://www.igmi.org/it/descrizione-prodotti/elementi-geodetici-1/verto-on-line), which applies the official national grid transformations between Monte Mario and RDN2008 or WGS84. This guarantees both the traceability and reproducibility of the results.

The significance of Dataset D lies in the georeferencing and harmonization process, which enables the spatial contextualization of a representative selection of sources from Dataset A. This provides a geometric and analytical framework for analyzing the historical evolution, spatial organization, and environmental dynamics of the Valnerina and Arrone territories, supporting future activities in heritage conservation, landscape interpretation, and sustainable spatial planning.

Experimental Design

The experimental design followed a workflow aimed at developing an integrated and interoperable methodological model for documenting, analyzing, and interpreting the archaeological and cultural landscape of Umbria.

This workflow builds upon and further develops procedures previously tested within the Ancient Latium Project and refined through the methodological framework established by the Spoke 8 of the CHANGES Partnership (see § Background). In particular, the approach draws on the data management and knowledge-sharing principles outlined by Carafa and Bianchini (2025), emphasizing the transition “From data stratification to knowledge dissemination” within the context of Resilient Tangible Heritage.

The methodology combines bibliographic and archival research, spatial analysis, and digital harmonization within a georeferenced CAD-GIS environment. 

The methodological workflow developed in this study operates on three interrelated levels: data census, data assessment, and landscape reconstruction. This multi-level structure reflects the progressive transition from the collection of heterogeneous sources to their analytical interpretation and spatial visualization within a unified digital environment.

·        Data census: identifying and cataloguing sources (Datasets A and B)

The first level concerns the systematic census of data sources, combining the consultation of published literature, archival documentation, and institutional geoportals. This phase is implemented through Dataset A (Geospatial Data Sources and Services) and Dataset B (Historical Cartographic Objects). Dataset A serves as a comprehensive catalogue of geospatial and documentary resources, recording for each source its provenance, author, year, file type, copyright status, accessibility, and web reference. It defines the legal and technical framework for all subsequent processing, ensuring transparency, reproducibility, and proper attribution of data. Dataset B extends this census to historical cartographic materials, documenting analogue and digital maps that represent the Valnerina and Arrone territories across different periods. Each record includes descriptive and technical information (such as technique, material, conservation state, dimensions, and place of conservation) along with bibliographic and digital references. The cross-referencing of Datasets A and B establishes a spatially and temporally consistent corpus of sources forming the documentary basis for the analysis of archaeological and environmental evidence. 

·        Data assessment (Datasets C and D)

The second level involves the assessment, structuring, and integration of the information gathered during the census phase. This process is carried out through Dataset C (Archaeological–Topographical Database) and Dataset D (Spatially referenced graphical sources). Dataset C organizes archaeological, architectural, and topographical information into a structured relational system consisting of six interconnected tables (Ager, Site, Topographical Unit, Period, Phase, and Datum). Each entity is uniquely identified through alphanumeric codes (e.g., ID_Ager, ID_Site, ID_TU, ID_Datum), ensuring traceability and consistency across datasets. Data derived from Datasets A and B are standardized, attributed, and normalized through controlled vocabularies that harmonize terminology, chronological ranges, and descriptive attributes. Dataset D translates the descriptive entities of Dataset C into georeferenced geometries within AutoCAD Map 3D and QGIS, using the Monte Mario / Italy Zone 1 (EPSG:3004) coordinate system. Each feature is linked to its descriptive record by means of the field ID_DATUM, ensuring full correspondence between tabular data and spatial representation. This integration supports cross-analysis of archaeological, environmental, and historical information, and allows visualization and querying within both CAD and GIS platforms. At this stage, data undergo harmonization of coordinate systems, semantic fields, and temporal attributes, along with validation through field checks and comparison with archival sources.

·        Reconstruction and deliverables

The third level corresponds to the reconstruction and interpretation of the cultural landscape through the production of analytical and visual deliverables. Building upon the integration of Datasets A, B, C, and D, a series of thematic and interpretative maps were produced as the final visual outputs of the Valnerina Project, focusing on the territory of the Municipality of Arrone (See Deliverables folder). These products represent the operational application of the integrated methodological workflow described in the previous sections and were developed within a georeferenced CAD-GIS environment to ensure spatial coherence and analytical interoperability. Each map synthesizes archaeological, environmental, geological, and topographical data derived from archival, bibliographic, and geospatial sources, illustrating the relationships between the natural framework and the historical development of the ancient and modern landscape. Together, these outputs provide a visual synthesis of the integrated data framework established within Spoke 8 of the CHANGES Partnership and serve as a reference model for future territorial applications and comparative studies.

The Thematic and Interpretative Outputs include seven maps:

o   Geological Map (Fig. 1), representing lithostratigraphic units and Quaternary deposits (based on MASE_7, UMB_3, UMB_32).

o   Phytoclimatic Map (Fig. 2), representing the bioclimatic regions and altitudinal zones of the Arrone territory (based on MASE_7, UMB_2, UMB_16-18).

o   Geobotanical Map (Fig. 3), representing vegetation patterns, forest formations, and land use (based on MASE_7, UMB_3, UMB_2, UMB_16-18, UMB_32).

o   Geomorphological Map of the Ancient Landscape (Fig. 4), reconstructing the ancient paleoenvironment by depicting geomorphology and hydrography (based on MIC_1, Dataset B maps, INGV_1, MASE_1-5, 7, UMB_5-8, 15, 31).

o   Map of Ancient Landscape with Sites and Contexts (Fig. 5), representing archaeological sites documented in Dataset C, overlaid on the Geomorphological Map of the Ancient Landscape (based on MIC_1-4, Dataset B maps, INGV_1, MASE_1-5, 7, UMB_5-8, 15, 26-31).

o   Map of the Nera River Park and Related Landscape Elements (Fig. 6), representing the natural system of the Nera River within municipal limits and over the Map of the Ancient Landscape with Sites and Contexts (based on MIC_1-4, Dataset B maps, INGV_1, MASE_1-5, 7, UMB_5-8, 15, 21, 26-31).

o   Visibility Map (Fig. 7), representing visual accessibility across the territory based on land cover (based on BIN_1-3, ESR_1-9, MASE_1-7, UMB_1-24).

These thematic deliverables function as visual syntheses of the integrated analytical process, supporting both interpretation and communication of results. Although derived from the datasets, they are not organized as independent datasets, as they do not contain structured metadata, but rather serve as the graphical and interpretative outputs of the research workflow.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Ilaria Manzini, Scientific Director of the CHANGES Partnership, for her overall guidance and coordination of the research framework. Special thanks are also due to Carlo Bianchini (Professor and co-Pi with one of the authors – Paolo Carafa), co-Principal Investigators of Spoke 8, for his continuous support throughout the development of this study.

As the creation of the dataset presented here represents a preliminary phase of the survey activities currently being carried out in the Municipality of Arrone by one of the authors (Niccolò Cecconi). This author wishes to express his sincere thanks to the Municipality of Arrone, and to Mayor Fabio Di Gioia, for their collaboration and support. 

Deep appreciation is also extended to the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio dell’Umbria, especially to Dott. Elena Roscini, for her valuable assistance and Institutional guidance.