Air quality maps of EEA member and cooperating countries for 2023. PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, NOx and BaP spatial estimates and their uncertainties. ETC HE Report 2025/5.

The report provides the annual update of the European air quality concentration maps and population and vegetation exposure estimates for human health related indicators of pollutants PM₁₀ (annual average, 90.4 percentile of daily means), PM_2.5 (annual average), ozone (93.2 percentile of maximum daily 8-hour means, peak season average of maximum daily 8-hour means, SOMO35, SOMO10), NO₂ (annual average) and benzo(a)pyrene (annual average), and vegetation related ozone indicators (AOT40 for vegetation and for forests) for the year 2023. The report contains also maps of Phytotoxic ozone dose (POD_Y) for selected crops (wheat, potato and tomato) and trees (spruce and beech) and NO_x annual average map for the same year 2023. The trends in exposure estimates in the period 2005-2023 are summarized. The analysis for 2023 is based on the interpolation of the annual statistics of the 2023 observational data reported by the EEA member and cooperating countries and other voluntary reporting countries and stored in the Air Quality e-reporting database, complemented, when needed, with measurements from additional sources. The mapping method is the Regression – Interpolation – Merging Mapping (RIMM). It combines monitoring data, chemical transport model results and other supplementary data using linear regression model followed by kriging of its residuals (residual kriging). The report presents the mapping results and gives an uncertainty analysis of the interpolated maps. It also presents concentration change in 2023 in comparison to the 5-year average 2018-2022 using the difference maps and exposure estimates.