A global synthesis of naturalised and invasive plants in aquatic habitats

Kortz, Alessandra; Hejda, Martin; Čuda, Jan; Pattison, Zarah; Brůna, Josef; Novoa, Ana; Pergl, Jan; Pipek, Pavel; Štajerová, Kateřina; Anastasiu, Paulina; Ansong, Michael; Arianoutsou, Margarita; Barcelona, Julie F.; Bhatta, Suneeta; Bordbar, Farzaneh; Borokini, Israel; Celesti-Grapow, Laura; Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo; Dawson, Wayne; Dorjee; Essl, Franz; Ferrufino-Acosta, Lilian; Figueiredo, Estrela; Flores, Rodolfo; Fried, Guillaume; Fuentes, Nicol; Galán, Pablo; Gilli, Christian; Glaser, Michael; Grande Allende, José Ramón; Gudžinskas, Zigmantas; Holmes, Rachael; Hulme, Philip E.; Inderjit; Kang, Eun Su; Kreft, Holger; Krix, Dan W.; Kühn, Ingolf; Lopez, Omar; MacVean, AnaLu; Makhkamov, Trobjon; Marchante, Elizabete; Marchante, Hélia; Maroyi, Alfred; Meddour, Rachid; Meerts, Pierre; Mukul, Sharif A.; Murray, Brad R.; Murray, Megan L.; Nickrent, Daniel L.; Norman, Prince E.; Omer, Ali; Patzelt, Annette; Pelser, Pieter B.; Pino, Joan; Riera, Marc; Rodríguez Delcid, Dagoberto; Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa; Rotchés-Ribalta, Roser; Ruiz-Cruz, José Yader Sageth; Senator, Stepan; Sennikov, Alexander N.; Shrestha, Bharat Babu; Smith, Gideon F.; Sohrabi, Sima; Tokarska-Guzik, Barbara; van Kleunen, Mark; Vilà, Montserrat; Wagner, Viktoria; Weigelt, Patrick; Winter, Marten; Yazlık, Ayşe; Zykova, Elena; Pyšek, Petr

doi:10.3897/neobiota.102.151156

Published October 7, 2025 | Version v1

Journal article Open

A global synthesis of naturalised and invasive plants in aquatic habitats

1. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
2. University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
3. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic|Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
4. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic|Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
5. University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
6. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
7. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
8. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
9. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic|Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
10. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
11. Montana State University, Bozeman, United States of America
12. Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
13. Herbario Nacional, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica|Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
14. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
15. National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan
16. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
17. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
18. Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
19. Universidad de Panamá, Panamá city, Panama
20. Plant Health Laboratory, ANSES, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
21. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
22. Unaffiliated, La Libertad, El Salvador
23. Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
24. Laboratory of Flora and Geobotany, State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
25. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
26. Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
27. University of Delhi, Delhi, India
28. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
29. University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
30. New South Wales Rural Fire Service, Sydney, Australia
31. Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
32. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama|Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Panama City, Panama
33. Environmental Horticulture Department, York College of Pennsylvania, York, United States of America
34. National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan|Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
35. University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
36. Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School (ESAC), Coimbra, Portugal
37. University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
38. Mouloud Mammeri University, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
39. Botanic Garden Meise, Meise, Belgium|Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
40. University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia|Florida International University, Miami, United States of America|United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
41. University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
42. Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America
43. Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Freetown, Sierra Leone
44. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria|University of Khartoum, North Khartoum, Sudan
45. University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
46. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain|Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Spain
47. Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Spain
48. Asociación Jardín Botánico La laguna, Herbario LAGU, La Libertad, El Salvador
49. University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States of America
50. Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain|Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Spain
51. Universidad de El Salvador, San Miguel, El Salvador|Fundación Naturaleza, San Salvador, El Salvador
52. Unaffiliated, Moscow, Russia
53. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
54. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
55. Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, Iran
56. University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
57. Taizhou University, Taizhou, China|University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
58. Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain|Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
59. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
60. Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands|University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
61. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
62. Düzce University, Düzce, Turkiye
63. Unaffiliated, Novosibirsk, Russia

Global databases have contributed to our understanding of alien, naturalised and invasive plant species distributions. Still, the role of species invasions in habitats, specifically in aquatic habitats, remains underexplored at the global scale. Accordingly, a comprehensive global synthesis of the status of plant invasions in aquatic habitats has been missing. Here, we focus on macroecological patterns of naturalised non-invasive and invasive plants in aquatic habitats using the recently built SynHab database. Amongst all the plant records compiled in SynHab, 592 are assigned to aquatic habitats, of which 183 are unique plant taxa (further termed 'species') belonging to 49 families. Of the total number of records, 462 refer to taxa with naturalised non-invasive occurrences and 130 to invasive occurrences. The species pool analysed here refers to 78 regions distributed across all botanical continents as defined by the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions. The number of naturalised non-invasive aquatic species is similar across different continents and biomes, but Tropical Asia had more and the Mediterranean zonobiome had fewer invasive species than expected. Tropical Asia, Temperate Asia and Africa have the highest proportions of naturalised species that have become invasive, while across continents, invasive proportions were highest for tropical and subtropical zonobiomes. New Zealand, Italy and California contained disproportionately more naturalised species than expected, given the area covered by aquatic habitat in those regions, whereas South Sudan, Papua New Guinea and Kyrgyzstan had disproportionately fewer species. In pairwise dissimilarity comparisons, all continents had distinct species compositions (from 0.73 to 0.92 of the Jaccard dissimilarity index) and so did zonobiomes (0.69 to 1.00). The high proportion of invasive species in Tropical Asia in comparison with terrestrial invasions in this region, indicates a greater susceptibility of warmer regions to aquatic plant invasions. This may be exacerbated by further naturalisations in the future, as data from temperate regions suggest a larger pool of available species.

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