Curvature-Projection, Rishon Substructure, and Internal Charge Amplitude: A Unified Mechanism for Leptons, Quarks, and Hadrons

The pattern of masses of leptons, quarks, and hadrons suggests deeper structure beyond the Standard Model. We propose that all these particles admit a substructure in terms of rishons (T and V), whose internal compositions (triplets) determine not only charge but mass via a curvature-projection mechanism. In this framework, the mass–charge binding operator couples total rest mass of constituent layers to the internal absolute charge amplitude, while curvature orientation selects charge sign. Combined with electromagnetic self-energy and a β self-consistency loop, this unified model reproduces empirical lepton and quark masses (via the rishon compositions) and hadron superfine mass splitting to ≲1 MeV. The effective coupling scales are consistent with lattice QCD topological susceptibility and known rishon models. We present symbolic tables, illustrative numeric examples using constituent masses, and propose new lattice and experimental tests.