From Range Anxiety to Road Dominance: The Evolution of Electric Vehicles

Abstract :

Electric vehicles (EVs) have evolved from niche products plagued by limited driving range and public scepticism into a central pillar of the global transportation transition. This paper examines the technological, infrastructural, policy, and market forces that have enabled this transformation, analysing developments from the early challenges of range anxiety to the present trajectory toward road dominance. Drawing on recent data (2023–2025), the study investigates battery chemistry advancements, charging network expansion, software-driven optimization, and evolving consumer behaviour. Case studies, tables, and figures illustrate both technical and market progress, while the remaining challenges and future outlook are critically assessed. The findings indicate that sustained innovation in battery energy density, charging speed, grid integration, and policy support will define the next phase of EV adoption, positioning EVs as a cornerstone of sustainable mobility.