There is a newer version of the record available.

Published October 4, 2025 | Version v4
Preprint Open

Black Holes and Gravity in Structural and Theoretical Models Ver4

Authors/Creators

Description

Title: Black Holes and Gravity in Structural and Theoretical Models Ver4

Gravitational waves, singularities, and black hole collapse are the central focus of this theory, which presents a complementary perspective on these phenomena. While partially sharing Einstein’s prediction of singularities, this hypothetical framework also explores the gravitational wave effects of single-black-hole collapse—effects that may share features with those observed during black hole mergers.

Focusing on this alternative approach to black hole singularities, the work describes their structural properties. Building on concepts introduced in Version 2, it investigates the theoretical foundation for the presence of finite-radius structures at the center of the black hole and considers their potential implications for black hole collapse.

It also explores a hypothetical, observer-based redshift resulting from photon path extension and time delay caused by increasing gravitational curvature.

All theories presented in this work are hypothetical constructs intended to inspire further exploration of black hole phenomena.


The ultimate purpose of my theory has always remained the same: if it can contribute, even in a modest way, to inspiring others, it would be a great honor for me.

All of my research is guided by this same overarching purpose.

I am always deeply thankful to those who take the time to consider my theory.


Gravitational waves,
Black holes,
Singularity,
Finite-radius model,
General Relativity (GR),
Einstein field equations,
Cosmology,
EPhiC theory,
Quantum gravity,
Theoretical physics,
Astrophysics,
Relativistic collapse


I would be deeply grateful if you could read my writings as small handwritten letters from my theory.

Files

Black Holes and Gravity in Structural and Theoretical Models Ver4.pdf

Files (1.0 MB)

Additional details

References

  • Einstein1915 A. Einstein, "Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 844–847 (1915).
  • Einstein1916 A. Einstein, "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie", Annalen der Physik, 49, 769–822 (1916).
  • Einstein1905 A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik, 17, 891–921 (1905).
  • Schwarzschild1916 K. Schwarzschild, "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie", Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 189–196 (1916).
  • Minkowski1908 H. Minkowski, "Die Grundgleichungen für die elektromagnetischen Vorgänge in bewegten Körpern", Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, 53–111 (1908).
  • Shapiro1964 I. I. Shapiro, "Fourth Test of General Relativity", Phys. Rev. Lett., 13, 789 (1964).
  • Misner1973 C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne, and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation, W. H. Freeman (1973).
  • Wald1984 R. M. Wald, General Relativity, University of Chicago Press (1984).
  • Rindler2006 W. Rindler, Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press (2006).
  • Schneider1992 P. Schneider, J. Ehlers, and E. E. Falco, Gravitational Lenses, Springer-Verlag (1992).
  • Rovelli2004 C. Rovelli, Quantum Gravity, Cambridge University Press (2004).
  • Ashtekar2005 A. Ashtekar and M. Bojowald, "Black hole evaporation: A paradigm", Class. Quant. Grav., 22, 3349–3362 (2005).
  • Abbott2016 B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger", Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 061102 (2016).
  • Abbott2019 B. P. Abbott et al., "GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers", Phys. Rev. X, 9, 031040 (2019).
  • Berti2009 E. Berti, V. Cardoso, A. O. Starinets, "Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes", Class. Quantum Grav., 26, 163001 (2009).
  • Buonanno1999 A. Buonanno and T. Damour, "Effective one-body approach to general relativistic two-body dynamics", Phys. Rev. D, 59, 084006 (1999).
  • Blanchet2014 L. Blanchet, "Gravitational Radiation from Post-Newtonian Sources and Inspiralling Compact Binaries", Living Rev. Relativity, 17, 2 (2014).
  • Campanelli2006 M. Campanelli et al., "Accurate Evolutions of Orbiting Black-Hole Binaries Without Excision", Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 111101 (2006).
  • Pretorius2005 F. Pretorius, "Evolution of Binary Black-Hole Spacetimes", Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 121101 (2005).
  • Planck2018 Planck Collaboration, "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters", Astron. Astrophys., 641, A6 (2020).
  • WMAP9 G. Hinshaw et al., "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results", Astrophys. J. Suppl., 208:19 (2013).
  • Riess2019 A. G. Riess et al., "Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics beyond ΛCDM", Astrophys. J., 876, 85 (2019).
  • CODATA2018 CODATA, Fundamental Physical Constants, https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/ (2018).
  • PDG2024 Particle Data Group, "Review of Particle Physics", Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys., 2024, 083C01 (2024).
  • EHT2019 Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results", Astrophys. J. Lett., 875:L1 (2019).
  • Gravity2022 GRAVITY Collaboration, "Detection of Sgr A* Schwarzschild Radius", Astron. Astrophys., 662:A128 (2022).
  • LIGO2018 LIGO Scientific Collaboration, "GW170729 Gravitational Wave Event", Phys. Rev. Lett., 121, 231103 (2018).
  • NED NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), TON 618 Observational Data, https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/.
  • Shemmer2004 O. Shemmer et al., "Fe II Emission and Black Hole Mass of High-z Quasars", Astrophys. J., 614, 547–557 (2004).
  • Lee2025 S. Lee, "Energy Phase in Cosmology (EPhiC) Model", Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17008244 (2025).
  • Lee2025b S. Lee, "Tentative Exploration of Black Hole Rotation – A Cautious Perspective", Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16727290 (2025).