Investigation of the Effectiveness of Pumpkin Seed Oil Cake in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Containing Reactive Red 195 Textile Dye

Dyeing agents are organic compounds used in the textile industry to give color to 
fabrics. These substances include chromophore groups that produce color and 
functional groups that allow bonding to fibers. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds 
with the hydroxyl groups of fibers, resulting in permanent coloring, which is why 
they are widely preferred in the industry. Reactive Red 195 (RR195), one of the 
most common dyes, is a water-soluble bifunctional azo dye containing 
vinylsulphone and monochlorothiazine. It is non-degradable in aerobic 
environments and turns into carcinogenic aromatic amines in anaerobic 
conditions. This project aims to remove RR195 dyes from wastewater using 
adsorption methods, which are inexpensive and effective.