Eco-Friendly Cow's Milk Production in Organic and Biological Farming Systems

The production of environmentally safe products is a pressing issue for many countries worldwide. In the post-war period, Ukraine's agricultural sector will require new, science-based technologies to restore production and ensure the production of ecologically safe cow's milk. A study was conducted to assess the ecological state of Ukraine's forest-steppe zone, steppe, and woodlands, along with an analysis of organic and biological agriculture. The findings were supported by experimental research on producing ecologically safe milk. The experiment involved dairy cows of the black and red-speckled breeds, adhering to methods commonly accepted in zootechnical practice. For each sample, the average value (M) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated, with estimates presented as M ± SD. Differences between mean values were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05, and the calculations were performed using the STATISTICA software package version 10.0. Environmental pollution by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), resulting from industrial activities and mining, has negatively impacted agroecosystems. There are successful examples of organic and biological farming in Ukraine, with dairy products from agricultural enterprises meeting both national and international quality standards. The experiment tested methods to improve the technology of producing eco-safe milk by feeding dairy cows a special mineral-vitamin premix combined with a phytobiopreparation, which enhanced the excretion of toxicants through excrement and resulted in the production of ecologically safe milk in compliance with EC Regulation No. 853/2004 and No. 1881/2006. The use of manure as an organic fertilizer in organic farms necessitates systematic monitoring of pollutant migration in the soils of livestock farms. Further research is needed to understand the impact of pollutants on the somatic cell content in milk.