ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR AND ACE2 RECEPTORS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS CORRELATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are leading contributors to global morbidity and mortality, often coexisting and exacerbating each others pathophysiology. Recent research highlights the critical roles of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in modulating key processes such as insulin signalling, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Both receptors appear to be pivotal in the shared molecular pathways underlying T2DM and CVD. This review aims to explore the interconnected functions of VDR and ACE2, focusing on their expression across metabolic tissues, regulatory mechanisms, and impact on disease progression. It examines how vitamin DVDR signalling intersects with the ACE2Ang-(17) Mas receptor axis, and how this interplay influences glucose homeostasis, vascular integrity, and plaque stability. Key themes include the anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and endothelial-protective roles of these receptors, as well as the potential of genomic polymorphisms in predicting disease risk and treatment outcomes. Clinical data on biomarkers, imaging correlations, and therapeutic interventions are discussed.