Enhancing Maritime Cybersecurity through Operational Technology Sensor Data Fusion: A Comprehensive Survey and Analysis

Cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important aspect in ensuring maritime data protection and operational continuity. Ships, ports, surveillance and navigation systems, industrial technology, cargo, and logistics systems all contribute to a complex maritime environment with a significant cyberattack surface. To that aim, a wide range of cyberattacks in the maritime domain are possible, with the potential to infect vulnerable information and communication systems, compromising safety and security. The use of navigation and surveillance systems, which are considered as part of the maritime OT sensors, can improve maritime cyber situational awareness. This survey critically investigates whether the fusion of OT data, which are used to provide maritime situational awareness, may also improve the ability to detect cyberincidents in real time or near-real time. It includes a thorough analysis of the relevant literature, emphasizing RF but also other sensors, and data fusion approaches that can help improve maritime cybersecurity