Therapeutic Potential of Gir Cow Urine Distillate: Antioxidant Activity, Antibacterial Efficacy, and Molecular Docking Studies

This study demonstrates that Gir cow urine distillate (CUD) gives significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities, corroborating the claims made by conventional medicine clinicians. In vitro zone of inhibition (ZOI) assays revealed that CUD, at approximately 15% concentration exhibited measurable antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains. Furthermore, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/ml effectively suppressed bacterial growth, confirming the antimicrobial potential of CUD. Molecular docking studies provided insights into the mechanism of action, showing that key CUD constituents-ferulic acid and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid-bind strongly to DNA gyrase, an essential bacterial enzyme involved in DNA replication, with binding energies of −6.8 kcal/mol and −6.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis indicated a progressive increase in absorbance with rising CUD concentration (10% to 100%), with the highest absorbance recorded in undiluted samples. This suggests a high presence of chromophoric or antioxidant compounds in Geer cow CUD. Together, these findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of CUD may be mediated through inhibition of vital bacterial enzymes, and that it contains potential antioxidant agents. To fully harness its therapeutic value, a comprehensive research approach combining traditional knowledge with modern scientific validation is essential.