Neuroinflammation in Chronic Neurological Conditions Following COVID-19: A Literature Review

The post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, often involve chronic neurological symptoms such as cognitive impairment, fatigue, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and potential acceleration of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism driving these conditions. This literature review synthesizes evidence from studies published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on the role of neuroinflammation in PASC-related neurological outcomes, its underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches. Findings indicate that persistent cytokine elevation, blood-brain barrier disruption, microglial activation, and oxidative stress contribute to symptoms. Cognitive deficits and fatigue are the most studied, with emerging links to dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Antioxidant therapies and anti-inflammatory interventions show promise, but further research is needed. This review highlights the importance of addressing neuroinflammation in long COVID management and calls for standardized biomarkers and longitudinal studies.