Who defends the defenders?

Environmental and human rights defenders are vital in addressing ecosystem degradation and climate change. Operating on the frontlines in areas under pressure from legal and illegal forces, they mobilize communities to resist environmental harm and social injustices. Despite their essential work, defenders face persistent threats, including violence and murder—196 were killed in 2023 alone, according to Global Witness. Legal protections remain scarce and insufficiently implemented worldwide. Women defenders, though often overlooked, play a critical role as caregivers and community leaders. They lead sustainable initiatives and community mobilizations but face heightened risks due to gender-based violence and societal norms that undermine their leadership. Many experience silencing, isolation, and sexual violence as retaliation for their activism. The report assesses protection programs in the Amazon Basin, with a focus on gender and intersectionality, and identifies effective practices across the Americas. It reviews relevant literature and international legal frameworks, offering concrete recommendations for governments seeking to develop or improve protection mechanisms for defenders.