Smart IoT-Driven Organic Waste Management: A Design-Based Approach Utilizing Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Maggots in Indonesia

Indonesia continues to face significant challenges in organic waste management, contributing to environmental pollution and public health risks. While the existing E-waste bank system incentivizes recycling, it excludes organic waste, which accounts for over 50% of household waste. This study aims to design a smart E-organic waste bank system that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot bioconversion to provide real-time waste tracking and equitable reward mechanisms. Using a Design-Based Research (DBR) approach, the system was conceptualized with ESP32 microcontrollers paired with DHT22 humidity sensors, and load cells modules to measure environmental parameters and waste volume in real-time. Cloud-based architecture supports data storage and dashboard monitoring for administrators. The proposed system offers a scalable, low-cost solution that empowers communities to participate in circular economic practices. Findings suggest that integrating IoT with biological waste processing enhances transparency, user motivation, and environmental impact, providing a foundational model for future implementation and policy innovation. This study lays a robust foundation for embedding organic waste management into smart city frameworks, advancing both environmental sustainability and resource efficiency across the region.