Revista Cadena de Cerebros
Published December 31, 2024 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Papel de los micro-RNAs en la regulación genética y su impacto en la salud

Authors/Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
  • 2. ROR icon Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Description

RESUMEN

Los micro-RNAs (miRNAs) son pequeñas moléculas de RNA no codificante que regulan la expresión génica a nivel post-transcripcional, inhibiendo la traducción o promoviendo la degradación de RNA mensajeros (RNAm) específicos. Esta regulación afecta funciones celulares fundamentales, como la proliferación, diferenciación y apoptosis. Las alteraciones en la expresión de los miRNAs están asociadas con patologías cardiovasculares, neurodegenerativas y cáncer entre otras. Además, los miRNAs desempeñan un papel crucial en la homeostasis celular y en la respuesta a factores externos como el estrés y las infecciones. Este artículo revisa los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a la regulación genética mediada por los miRNAs, con un enfoque en su implicación en enfermedades de elevada mortalidad. La información obtenida para este artículo se realizó mediante diferentes tipos de búsquedas: 1) Bibliográficas, investigadas en bases de datos científicas como PubMed y Scopus, que permitieron identificar estudios relevantes sobre los mecanismos de acción de los miRNAs y su impacto en la salud. 2) Sistemáticas para analizar ensayos clínicos que exploran el papel de los miRNAs como biomarcadores y dianas terapéuticas; y 3) Revisiones y meta-análisis para proporcionar una visión general y crítica sobre las perspectivas terapéuticas que emergen de la manipulación de los miRNAs. Los hallazgos sugieren que los miRNAs podrían representar un enfoque prometedor para el tratamiento y diagnóstico de diversas condiciones médicas, que contribuyan a la práctica de la medicina personalizada.

Abstract (En)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding ARN molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by inhibiting translation or promoting the degradation of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This regulation impacts essential cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of miRNAs expression is associated with various pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer, among others. Additionally, miRNAs play a key role in cellular homeostasis and in the response to external factors like stress and infections. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNAs mediated gene regulation, with a particular focus on their involvement in high-mortality diseases. The information for this article was gathered through different search methods: 1) Bibliographic searches conducted in scientific databases such as PubMed and Scopus, which helped identify relevant studies on the mechanisms of action of miRNAs and their impact on health; 2) Systematic reviews to analyze clinical trials exploring the role of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets; and 3) Reviews and meta-analyses to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the therapeutic potential emerging from the manipulation of miRNAs. The findings suggest that miRNAs could offer a promising approach for the treatment and diagnosis of various medical conditions, thereby contributing to the advancement of personalized medicine.

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Additional details

Additional titles

Translated title (En)
Role of microRNAs in genetic regulation and their impact on health

Dates

Submitted
2024-11-20
Accepted
2024-12-28

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