An assessment of the EPA-PD model with the integration of 3D scanning

This thesis investigates the accuracy of existing methods for estimating the original mass of lithic flakes based on platform measurements, with a particular focus on the EPA-PD (Exterior Platform Angle–Platform Depth) model proposed by Dibble and Pelcin, and the platform area-based equation developed by Clarkson and Hiscock. These models play an important role in lithic analysis by helping archaeologists reconstruct the size and form of flakes that have undergone retouch, thereby offering insights into tool use, reduction intensity, and technological behaviour.

The study evaluates whether 3D scanning, specifically using the Artec Space Spider, offers greater precision and reliability compared to traditional hand measurements using callipers and goniometers. Key flake attributes—platform depth, width, shape, area, and exterior platform angle—were collected from an experimental sample of unretouched flint flakes. The platform area was measured using both geometric approximations (GAP method) and 3D surface modelling to assess the consistency and accuracy of each approach.

Findings indicate that 3D scanning does not significantly outperform manual methods for most measurements. Hand measurements, when performed with standardised techniques, produced results closely aligned with those obtained from digital scans. Furthermore, while exterior platform angle remained a strong predictor of flake mass, other factors such as platform width and shape showed weaker or inconsistent relationships.

In comparing the two mass estimation equations, both produced some correlation with actual flake weights but displayed notable discrepancies in accuracy. The study highlights the limitations of applying these models directly to archaeological material and emphasises the need for further refinement. Ultimately, the research supports the continued use of traditional measurement methods while advocating for more adaptable models that can account for the variability found in real lithic assemblages.