Published March 14, 2023
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
The Present and Future of Insect Biodiversity Conservation in the Neotropics: Policy Gaps and Recommendations
Authors/Creators
- 1. Doctoral Training Centre, Univ of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 2. Centre for Conservation Biology, Dept of Biology, Stanford Univ, CA, Stanford, USA & The Natural Capital Project, Stanford Univ, CA, Stanford,
- 3. Ministry of Planning and Development, Government
- 4. Grupo Agua, Salud y Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- 5. Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford Univ,
- 6. School of Biological Sciences, Univ of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland & Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia E Conservação, & Institute of Mathematics, Univ of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland
Description
Duffus, Natalie E., Echeverri, Alejandra, DempeWolf, Lena, Noriega, Jorge Ari, Furumo, Paul R., Morimoto, Juliano (2023): The Present and Future of Insect Biodiversity Conservation in the Neotropics: Policy Gaps and Recommendations. Neotropical Entomology 52 (3): 407-421, DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01031-7, URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-023-01031-7
Files
source.pdf
Files
(1.1 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:afe40af92a3e70642df4886838d7a704
|
1.1 MB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFE4FFF92A3E7064FFF48868FFD7A704
References
- Abessa D, Fama A, Buruaem L (2019) The systematic dismantling of Brazilian environmental laws risks losses on all fronts. Nat Ecol Evol 3:510-511. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0855-9
- Abraham J, Benhotons GS, Krampah I et al (2018) Commercially formulated glyphosate can kill non-target pollinator bees under laboratory conditions. Entomol Exp Appl 166:695-702. https:// doi.org/10.1111/eea.12694
- Adler FR, Green AM, Sekercioglu CH (2020) Citizen science in ecology: a place for humans in nature. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1469:52- 64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14340
- Aide TM, Corrada-Bravo C, Campos-Cerqueira M et al (2013) Realtime bioacoustics monitoring and automated species identification. PeerJ. 1
- Almeida CHS, Haddi K, Toledo PFS et al (2021) Sublethal agrochemical exposures can alter honey bees' and Neotropical stingless bees' color preferences, respiration rates, and locomotory responses. Sci Total Environ 779:146432. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146432
- Arlidge WNS, Bull JW, Addison PFE et al (2018) A global mitigation hierarchy for nature conservation. Bioscience 68:336-347. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy029
- Banerjee O, Cicowiez M, Vargas R et al (2021) Gross domestic product alone provides misleading policy guidance for post-conflict land use trajectories in Colombia. Ecol Econ 182:106929. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106929
- Barahona-Segovia RM, Zuniga-Reinoso A (2021) An overview of Neotropical arthropod conservation efforts using risk assessment lists. J Insect Conserv 25:361-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10841-021-00306-x
- Barahona-Segovia RM, Montenegro R, Gonzalez GR (2021) Environmental variables and distribution data support the preliminary conservation status of a trapdoor spider in a transformed coastal ecosystem. Journal for Nature Conservation 61:125985. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2021.125985
- Basualdo M, Cavigliasso P, de Avila RS et al (2022) Current status and economic value of insect-pollinated dependent crops in Latin America. Ecol Econ 196:107395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecole con.2022.107395
- Battisti L, Potrich M, Sampaio AR et al (2021) Is glyphosate toxic to bees? A meta-analytical review. Sci Total Environ 767:145397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145397
- Bax V, Francesconi W (2019) Conservation gaps and priorities in the Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot: implications for the expansion of protected areas. J Environ Manage 232:387-396. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.086
- Baynham-Herd Z, Amano T, Sutherland WJ, Donald PF (2018) Governance explains variation in national responses to the biodiversity crisis. Environ Conserv 45:407-418. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S037689291700056X
- Beekman G, Dekkers M, Koster T (2019) Towards a sustainable banana supply chain in Colombia: rainforest Alliance Certification and economic, social and environment conditions on small-scale banana plantations in Magdalena, Colombia
- Bell JR, Blumgart D, Shortall CR (2020) Are insects declining and at what rate? An analysis of standardised, systematic catches of aphid and moth abundances across Great Britain. Insect Conserv Divers 13:115-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12412
- Bellamy AS, Svensson O, van den Brink PJ, Tedengren M (2016) What is in a label? Rainforest-Alliance certified banana production versus non-certified conventional banana production. Glob Ecol Conserv 7:39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.05.002
- Betts J, Young RP, Hilton-Taylor C et al (2020) A framework for evaluating the impact of the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Conserv Biol 34:632-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13454
- Bombelli P, Howe CJ, Bertocchini F (2017) Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Curr Biol 27:292-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060
- Carranza T, Balmford A, Kapos V, Manica A (2014) Protected area effectiveness in reducing conversion in a rapidly vanishing ecosystem: the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Lett 7:216-223. https:// doi.org/10.1111/conl.12049
- Bonn Challenge (2022) Current pledges | Bonnchallenge. https://www. bonnchallenge.org/pledges. Accessed 21 Mar 2022
- Bonilla-Mejia L, Higuera-Mendieta I (2019) Protected areas under weak institutions: evidence from Colombia. World Dev 122:585- 596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.019
- Bowler DE (2021) Complex causes of insect declines. Nat Ecol Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01508-x
- Boyd RJ, Aizen MA, Barahona-Segovia RM et al (2022) Inferring trends in pollinator distributions across the Neotropics from publicly available data remains challenging despite mobilization efforts. Divers Distrib 28:1404-1415. https://doi.org/10. 1111/ddi.13551
- Boyes DH, Evans DM, Fox R et al (2021) Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations. Sci Adv 7:eabi8322. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi8322
- Branton M, Richardson JS (2011) Assessing the value of the umbrella-species concept for conservation planning with meta-analysis: value of the umbrella-species concept. Conserv Biol 25:9-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01606.x
- Brauman KA, Benner R, Benitez S et al (2019) Water funds. In: Mandle L, Ouyang Z, Salzman JE, Daily G (eds) Green growth that works: natural capital policy and finance mechanisms from around the world. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, pp 118-140
- Brown BV (2005) Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical dipterology. Am Entomol 51:180-183. https://doi.org/10.1093/ ae/51.3.180
- Bull JW, Strange N (2018) The global extent of biodiversity offset implementation under no net loss policies. Nat Sustain 1:790- 798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0176-z
- Cantu-Salazar L, Gaston KJ (2010) Very large protected areas and their contribution to terrestrial biological conservation. Bioscience 60:808-818. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.10.7
- Cardoso P (2012) Habitats directive species lists: urgent need of revision. Insect Conserv Divers 5:169-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1752-4598.2011.00140.x
- Cardoso P, Borges PAV, Triantis KA et al (2011a) Adapting the IUCN Red List criteria for invertebrates. Biol Conserv 144:2432-2440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.020
- Cardoso P, Erwin TL, Borges PAV, New TR (2011b) The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biol Conserv 144:2647-2655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2011.07.024
- Cardoso P, Barton PS, Birkhofer K et al (2020) Scientists' warning to humanity on insect extinctions. Biol Conserv 242:108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108426
- Carvalho AF (2022) Illegalities in the online trade of stingless bees in Brazil. Insect Conservation and Diversity 15( 6):673- 681. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12590
- Chan KMA, Anderson E, Chapman M et al (2017) Payments for ecosystem services: rife with problems and potential -for transformation towards sustainability. Ecol Econ 140:110-122. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029
- Chanthayod S, Zhang W, Chen J (2017) People's perceptions of the benefits of natural beekeeping and its positive outcomes for forest conservation: a case study in northern Lao PDR. Trop Conserv Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917697260
- Chaplin-Kramer R, Mandle L, Ferstandig L (2019) Market-based mechanisms. In: Mandle L, Ouyang Z, Salzman JE, Daily G (eds) Green growth that works: natural capital policy and finance mechanisms from around the world. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, pp 141-164
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (2011) Plano de Acao Nacional para Conservacao de Lepidopteros. https://www. gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/biodiversidade/pan/pan-lepidopter os. Accessed 3rd December 2022
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (2022) National Action Plans for the Conservation of Endangered Species. https:// www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/biodiversidade/pan. Accessed 3rd December 2022
- CITES (1973) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Washington, DC
- Clavel J, Julliard R, Devictor V (2011) Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenisation? Front Ecol Environ 9:222-228. https://doi.org/10.1890/080216
- Collen B, Dulvy NK, Gaston KJ, et al (2016) Clarifying misconceptions of extinction risk assessment with the IUCN Red List. Biol Lett 12:. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0843
- European Commission (2022). Law to fight global deforestation and forest degradation. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commi ssion/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7444. Accessed 21 Jan 2023
- Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) Recommendation adopted by the open-ended working group on the post 2020 global biodiversity framework. Rome
- Cote IM, Darling ES, Brown CJ (2016) Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 283:20152592. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2592
- da Silva JMC, Barbosa LCF, Leal IR, Tabarelli M (2017) The Caatinga: understanding the challenges. In: da Silva JMC, Leal IR, Tabarelli M (eds) Caatinga: the largest tropical dry forest region in South America. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 3-19
- Dangles O, Casas J (2019) Ecosystem services provided by insects for achieving sustainable development goals. Ecosyst Serv 35:109- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.12.002
- Davies T, Cowley A, Bennie J et al (2018) Popular interest in vertebrates does not reflect extinction risk and is associated with bias in conservation investment. PLOS ONE 13:e0203694. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203694
- de Lima RAF, Oliveira AA, Pitta GR et al (2020) The erosion of biodiversity and biomass in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Nat Commun 11:6347. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-020-20217-w
- de Moura RS, Noriega JA, Cerboncini RAS et al (2021) Dung beetles in a tight-spot, but not so much: quick recovery of dung beetles assemblages after low-impact selective logging in Central Brazilian Amazon. For Ecol Manag 494:119301. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.foreco.2021.119301
- Deichmann JL, Acevedo-Charry O, Barclay L et al (2018) It's time to listen: there is much to be learned from the sounds of tropical ecosystems. Biotropica 50:713-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp. 12593
- der Sluijs JP, Simon-Delso N, Goulson D et al (2013) Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the sustainability of pollinator services. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 5:293-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cosust.2013.05.007
- Didham RK, Basset Y, Collins CM et al (2020) Interpreting insect declines: seven challenges and a way forward. Insect Conserv Divers 13:103-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12408
- Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M et al (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401-406. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1251817
- Donaldson MR, Burnett NJ, Braun DC et al (2017) Taxonomic bias and international biodiversity conservation research. FACETS 1:105-113. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0011
- Dudley N (2013) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories including IUCN WCPA best practice guidance on recognising protected areas and assigning management categories and governance types. IUCN
- Duffus NE, Morimoto J (2022) Current conservation policies in the UK and Ireland overlook endangered insects and are taxonomically biased towards Lepidoptera. Biol Conserv 266:109464. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109464
- Duffus NE, Christie CR, Morimoto J (2021) Insect cultural services: how insects have changed our lives and how can we do better for them. Insects 12:377. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050377
- Duran AP, Casalegno S, Marquet PA, Gaston KJ (2013) Representation of ecosystem services by terrestrial protected areas: Chile as a case study. PLoS ONE 8:e82643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journ al.pone.008264
- Eisenhauer N, Bonn A, A. Guerra C, (2019) Recognising the quiet extinction of invertebrates. Nat Commun 10:50. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-018-07916-1
- Englund RA (2008) Invasive species threats to native aquatic insect biodiversity and conservation measures in Hawai'i and French Polynesia. J Insect Conserv 12:415-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10841-008-9168-z
- Englund O, Berndes G (2015) How do sustainability standards consider biodiversity? Wires Energy Environ 4:26-50. https://doi.org/10. 1002/wene.118
- Epstein C (2006) The making of global environmental norms: endangered species protection. Glob Environ Polit 6:32-54. https://doi. org/10.1162/glep.2006.6.2.32
- Fearnside PM (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conserv Biol 19:680-688. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00697.x
- Feldhaar H, Otti O (2020) Pollutants and their interaction with diseases of social Hymenoptera. Insects 11:153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ insects11030153
- Ferrante L, Fearnside PM (2019) Brazil's new president and 'ruralists' threaten Amazonia's environment, traditional peoples and the global climate. Environ Conserv 46:261-263. https://doi.org/10. 1017/S0376892919000213
- Fierro A, Vergara PM (2019) A native long horned beetle promotes the saproxylic diversity in exotic plantations of Monterrey pine. Ecol Ind 96:532-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.018
- Fletcher RJ, Didham RK, Banks-Leite C et al (2018) Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity? Biol Conserv 226:9-15. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.022
- Fletcher M-S, Hamilton R, Dressler W, Palmer L (2021) Indigenous knowledge and the shackles of wilderness. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2022218118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022218118
- Fonseca CR (2009) The silent mass extinction of insect herbivores in biodiversity hotspots. Conserv Biol 23:1507-1515. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01327.x
- Forister ML, Pelton EM, Black SH (2019) Declines in insect abundance and diversity: we know enough to act now. Conserv Sci Pract 1:e80. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.80
- Fox R, Harrower CA, Bell JR et al (2019) Insect population trends and the IUCN Red List process. J Insect Conserv 23:269-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0117-1
- Fraisl D, Hager G, Bedessem B et al (2022) Citizen science in environmental and ecological sciences. Nat Rev Methods Primers 2:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00144-4
- Frankie GW, Rizzardi M, Vinson SB, Griswold TL (2009) Decline in bee diversity and abundance from 1972-2004 on a flowering leguminous tree, Andira inermis in Costa Rica at the interface of disturbed dry forest and the urban environment. J Kans Entomol Soc 82:1-20. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES708.23.1
- Freitas BM, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Medina LM et al (2009) Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the Neotropics. Apidologie 40:332-346. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009012
- Furumo PR, Lambin EF (2020) Scaling up zero-deforestation initiatives through public-private partnerships: a look inside post-conflict Colombia. Glob Environ Change 62:102055. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102055
- Furumo PR, Rueda X, Rodriguez JS, Pares Ramos IK (2019) Field evidence for positive certification outcomes on oil palm smallholder management practices in Colombia. J Clean Prod 245:118891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118891
- Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J, Vaissiere BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol Econ 68:810-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolecon.2008.06.014
- Giannini TC, Acosta AL, Garofalo CA et al (2012) Pollination services at risk: bee habitats will decrease owing to climate change in Brazil. Ecol Model 244:127-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolm odel.2012.06.035
- Gonzalez VH, Cobos ME, Jaramillo J, Ospina R (2021) Climate change will reduce the potential distribution ranges of Colombia's most valuable pollinators. Perspect Ecol Conserv 19:195-206. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.02.010
- Gordon A, Bull JW, Wilcox C, Maron M (2015) FORUM: perverse incentives risk undermining biodiversity offset policies. J Appl Ecol 52:532-537. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12398
- Goulson D (2013) REVIEW: an overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. J Appl Ecol 50:977-987. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12111
- Government of Trinidad and Tobago (2022) Environmentally Sensitive Species (ESSs). http://www.biodiversity.gov.tt/home/prote cted-areas-and-species/environmentally-sensitive-species-ess. html. Accessed 16 Mar 2022
- Green EJ, Buchanan GM, Butchart SHM et al (2019) Relating characteristics of global biodiversity targets to reported progress. Conserv Biol 33:1360-1369. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13322
- Grez AA, Zaviezo T, Roy HE et al (2016) Rapid spread of Harmonia axyridis in Chile and its effects on local coccinellid biodiversity. Divers Distrib 22:982-994. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12455
- Grimm M, Koppel J (2019) Biodiversity offset program design and implementation. Sustainability 11:6903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su11246903
- Grubisic M, van Grunsven RHA, Kyba CCM et al (2018) Insect declines and agroecosystems: does light pollution matter? Ann Appl Biol 173:180-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12440
- Guerry AD, Polasky S, Lubchenco J et al (2015) Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: from promise to practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:7348-7355. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1503751112
- Guillet F, Semal L (2018) Policy flaws of biodiversity offsetting as a conservation strategy. Biol Conserv 221:86-90. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.001
- Gutierrez-Chacon C, Valderrama-A C, Klein A-M (2020) Biological corridors as important habitat structures for maintaining bees in a tropical fragmented landscape. J Insect Conserv 24:187- 197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00205-2
- Halsch CA, Shapiro AM, Fordyce JA et al (2021) Insects and recent climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2002543117. https:// doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002543117
- Hambler C, Henderson PA (2019) Challenges in measuring global insect decline. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 3347055
- Hart AG, Sumner S (2020) Marketing insects: can exploiting a commercial framework help promote undervalued insect species? Insect Conserv Divers 13:214-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/ icad.12405
- Hazen HD, Anthamatten PJ (2004) Representation of ecological regions by protected areas at the global scale. Phys Geogr 25:499-512. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.25.6.499
- Hein J, Guarin A, Fromme E, Pauw P (2018) Deforestation and the Paris climate agreement: an assessment of REDD+ in the national climate action plans. For Policy Econ 90:7-11. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.01.005
- Henriquez-Piskulich PA, Schapheer C, Vereecken NJ, Villagra C (2021) Agroecological strategies to safeguard insect pollinators in biodiversity hotspots: Chile as a case study. Sustainability 13:6728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126728
- Inter-American Development Bank (2020) Environmental governance indicators for Latin America & the Caribbean. https:// publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Envir onmental-Governance-Indicators-for-Latin-America--theCaribbean.pdf. Accessed 21 Mar 2022
- Ito HC, Shiraishi H, Nakagawa M, Takamura N (2020) Combined impact of pesticides and other environmental stressors on animal diversity in irrigation ponds. PLOS ONE 15:e0229052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229052
- IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In: IUCN Red List Threat. Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en. Accessed 15 Mar 2022
- Jacinto-Padilla J, Lopez-Collado J, Garcia-Garcia CG, Lopez-Collado CJ (2021) Spatial and economic assessment of butterflybased handicrafts as a tourism service provided by rural populations. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural 18:. https://doi.org/10. 11144/Javeriana.cdr18.seab
- Janzen DH, Hallwachs W (2019) Perspective: where might be many tropical insects? Biol Conserv 233:102-108. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.030
- Janzen DH, Hallwachs W (2021) To us insectometers, it is clear that insect decline in our Costa Rican tropics is real, so let's be kind to the survivors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2002546117. https:// doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002546117
- Jonas HC (2017) Indigenous peoples' and community conserved territories and areas (ICCAs): evolution in international biodiversity law. In: Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp 145-160
- Kehoe L, Romero-Munoz A, Polaina E et al (2017) Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1129-1135. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41559-017-0234-3
- Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C et al (2014) Bee pollination improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281:20132440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb. 2013.2440
- Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, et al (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 274:. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721
- Klink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19:707-713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739. 2005.00702.x
- Kremen C, Merenlender AM (2018) Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 362:eaau6020. https://doi.org/10. 1126/science.aau6020
- Leandro C, Jay-Robert P, Vergnes A (2017) Bias and perspectives in insect conservation: a European scale analysis. Biol Conserv 215:213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.033
- Lenteren JCV (2020) Will the "Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing" put an end to biological control? In: Area-wide integrated pest management. CRC Press
- Lewinsohn TM, Freitas AVL, Prado PI (2005) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates and their habitats in Brazil. Conserv Biol 19:640-645. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00682.x
- Lewinsohn TM, Agostini K, Lucci Freitas AV, Melo AS (2022) Insect decline in Brazil: an appraisal of current evidence. Biol Let 18:20220219. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0219
- Lowenberg-Neto P, de Carvalho CJB (2009) Areas of endemism and spatial diversification of the Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Andean and Neotropical regions. J Biogeogr 36:1750-1759. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02112.x
- Ma B, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Wen Y (2020) Do protected areas matter? A Ssystematic review of the social and ecological impacts of the establishment of protected areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:7259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197259
- Mammola S, Riccardi N, Prie V et al (2020) Towards a taxonomically unbiased European Union biodiversity strategy for 2030. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 287:20202166. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb. 2020.2166
- Margules CR, Pressey RL, Williams PH (2002) Representing biodiversity: data and procedures for identifying priority areas for conservation. J Biosci 27:309-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02704962
- Marques RD, Lima MAP, Marques RD, Bernardes RC (2020) A spinosad-based formulation reduces the survival and alters the behavior of the stingless bee Plebeia lucii. Neotrop Entomol 49:578-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00766-x
- Mascia MB, Pailler S (2011) Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) and its conservation implications. Conserv Lett 4:9-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010. 00147.x
- Mascia MB, Pailler S, Krithivasan R et al (2014) Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, 1900-2010. Biol Conserv 169:355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013. 11.021
- Maxwell SL, Fuller RA, Brooks TM, Watson JEM (2016) Biodiversity: the ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature 536:143-145. https://doi.org/10.1038/536143a
- McDermott ME, Rodewald AD (2014) Conservation value of silvopastures to Neotropical migrants in Andean forest flocks. Biol Conserv 175:140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.04.027
- McKenney BA, Kiesecker JM (2010) Policy development for biodiversity offsets: a review of offset frameworks. Environ Manage 45:165-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9396-3
- Megna YS, Pallares S, Sanchez-Fernandez D (2021) Conservation of aquatic insects in Neotropical regions: a gap analysis using potential distributions of diving beetles in Cuba. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 31:2714-2725. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc. 3664
- Melo-Ruiz V, Garcia M, Sandoval H et al (2011) Quality proteins from edible indigenous insect food of Latin America and Asia. Emir J Food Agric 23:283-289
- Metcalfe DB, Asner GP, Martin RE et al (2014) Herbivory makes major contributions to ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling in tropical forests. Ecol Lett 17:324-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ele.12233
- Meuser E, Harshaw HW, Mooers AO (2009) Public preference for endemism over other conservation-related species attributes. Conserv Biol 23:1041-1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2009.01257.x
- Milicic M, Popov S, Branco VV, Cardoso P (2021) Insect threats and conservation through the lens of global experts. Conserv Lett e12814. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12814
- Ministry of Legal Affairs (2009) Environmental Sensitive Species Rules, 2001 (Cap. 35:05)
- Ministry of Legal Affairs (2013) Beekeeping and Bee Products Act. Laws of Trinidad and Tobago
- Mokany K, Westcott DA, Prasad S et al (2014) Identifying priority areas for conservation and management in diverse tropical forests. PLoS ONE 9:e89084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0089084
- Montgomery GA, Dunn RR, Fox R et al (2020) Is the insect apocalypse upon us? How to find out. Biol Conserv 241:108327. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108327
- Morimoto J (2020) Addressing global challenges with unconventional insect ecosystem services: why should humanity care about insect larvae? People Nat 2:582-595. https://doi.org/10.1002/ pan3.10115
- Moser D, Ellmauer T, Evans D et al (2016) Weak agreement between the species conservation status assessments of the European Habitats Directive and Red Lists. Biol Conserv 198:1-8. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.024
- Mulieri PR, Migale S, Patitucci LD, et al (2022) Improving geographic distribution data for a putatively extinct species, a test case with a disappeared fly Improving geographic distribution data for a putatively extinct species, a test case with a disappeared fly. An Acad Bras Cienc 94:. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220 201439
- Myers N, Mittermeler RA, Mittermeler CG et al (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858. https:// doi.org/10.1038/35002501
- Naidoo R, Gerkey D, Hole D et al (2019) Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human well-being across the developing world. Sci Adv 5:eaav3006. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3006
- Nates-Parra G, Rosso-Londono JM (2013) Diversity of stingless bees (Hymenoptera:Meliponini) used in Meliponiculture in Colombia. Acta Biologica Colomb 18:415-426
- Nemesio A (2013) Are orchid bees at risk? First comparative survey suggests declining populations of forest-dependent species. Braz J Biol 73:367-374. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201300 0200017
- New TR, Samways MJ (2014) Insect conservation in the southern temperate zones: an overview. Austral Entomol 53:26-31. https:// doi.org/10.1111/aen.12071
- Newbold T, Hudson LN, Hill SLL et al (2015) Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520:45-50. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nature14324
- Newbold T, Adams GL, Robles GA et al (2019) Climate and land-use change homogenise terrestrial biodiversity, with consequences for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Emerg Top Life Sci 3:207-219. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20180135
- Nichols E, Spector S, Louzada J, Larsen T, Amezquita S, Favila ME (2008) Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles. Biol Conserv 141:1461-1474. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011
- Noriega JA, Hortal J, Azcarate FM et al (2018) Research trends in ecosystem services provided by insects. Basic Appl Ecol 26:8-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.006
- Noriega JA, Zapata-Prisco C, Garcia H et al (2020) Does ecotourism impact biodiversity? An assessment using dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) as bioindicators in a tropical dry forest natural park. Ecol Indic 117:106580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoli nd.2020.106580
- Noriega JA, March-Salas M, Castillo S et al (2021) Human perturbations reduce dung beetle diversity and dung removal ecosystem function. Biotropica 53:753-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp. 12953
- Norris CA (2017) The future of natural history collections. In: The future of natural history museums. Routledge
- Oliveira U, Paglia AP, Brescovit AD et al (2016) The strong influence of collection bias on biodiversity knowledge shortfalls of Brazilian terrestrial biodiversity. Divers Distrib 22:1232-1244. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12489
- Ollerton J (2021) Pollinators and pollination: nature and society, 1st edn. Pelagic Publishing
- Pacheco GSM, de Oliveira MPA, Cano E et al (2021) Tourism effects on the subterranean fauna in a Central American cave. Insect Conservation and Diversity 14:294-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ icad.12451
- Padilha AC, Piovesan B, Morais MC et al (2020) Toxicity of insecticides on Neotropical stingless bees Plebeia emerina (Friese) and Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Ecotoxicology 29:119-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10646-019-02150-x
- Paiva RJO, Brites RS, Machado RB (2015) The role of protected areas in the avoidance of anthropogenic conversion in a high pressure region: a matching method analysis in the core region of the Brazilian Cerrado. PLOS ONE 10:e0132582. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0132582
- Perez-Espona S (2021) Eciton Army Ants -Umbrella Species for Conservation in Neotropical Forests. Diversity 13:136. https://doi. org/10.3390/d13030136
- Pinedo-Escatel JA, Moya-Raygoza G, Dietrich CH et al (2021) Threatened Neotropical seasonally dry tropical forest: evidence of biodiversity loss in sap-sucking herbivores over 75 years. R Soc Open Sci 8:201370. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201370
- Pinheiro MV, Sanchez LR, Long SC, Ponce A (2020) Environmental governance indicators for Latin America & the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank and World Justice Project
- Pizarro-Araya J, Alfaro FM, Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Moreira-Munoz A (2021) A fine-scale hotspot at the edge: epigean arthropods from the Atacama Coast (Paposo-Taltal, Antofagasta Region, Chile). Insects 12:916. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12100916
- Plas FVD, Manning P, Soliveres S et al (2016) Biotic homogenisation can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:3557-3562. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1517903113
- Pope J, Morrison-Saunders A, Bond A, Retief F (2021) When is an offset not an offset? A framework of necessary conditions for biodiversity offsets. Environ Manage 67:424-435. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00267-020-01415-0
- Powell GVN, Barborak J, Rodriguez M (2000) Assessing representativeness of protected natural areas in Costa Rica for conserving biodiversity. Biol Conserv 93:35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0006-3207(99)00115-9
- Ramos D, Cunha W, Evangelista J, et al (2020) Ecosystem services provided by insects in Brazil: what do we really know? Neotropical entomology 49:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00781-y
- Raven PH, Wagner DL (2021) Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2002548117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002548117
- Roberge J-M, Angelstam P (2004) Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conserv Biol 18:76-85. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x
- Rocha-Ortega M, Rodriguez P, Cordoba-Aguilar A (2021) Geographical, temporal and taxonomic biases in insect data on biodiversity and extinction. Ecol Entomol 46:718-728. https:// doi.org/10.1111/een.13027
- Rodrigues ASL, Pilgrim JD, Lamoreux JF et al (2006) The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 21:71- 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.010
- Rodriguex-Cabal MA, Nunez MA, Martinez AS (2008) Quantity versus quality: endemism and protected areas in the temperate forest of South America. Austral Ecol 33:730-736. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01841.x
- Romero GQ, Moi DA, Nash LN et al (2021) Pervasive decline of subtropical aquatic insects over 20 years driven by water transparency, non-native fish and stoichiometric imbalance. Biol Lett 17:20210137. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0137
- Salcido DM, Forister ML, Lopez HG, Dyer LA (2020) Loss of dominant caterpillar genera in a protected tropical forest. Sci Rep 10:422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57226-9
- Samways MJ, Barton PS, Birkhofer K et al (2020) Solutions for humanity on how to conserve insects. Biol Conserv 242:108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108427
- Sanchez-Bayo F (2014) The trouble with neonicotinoids. Science 346:806-807. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259159
- Sarkinen T, Pennington RT, Lavin M et al (2012) Evolutionary islands in the Andes: persistence and isolation explain high endemism in Andean dry tropical forests. J Biogeogr 39:884- 900. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02644.x
- Schuster R, Germain RR, Bennett JR et al (2019) Vertebrate biodiversity on indigenous-managed lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada equals that in protected areas. Environ Sci Policy 101:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002
- Schwartzman S, Zimmerman B (2005) Conservation alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon. Conserv Biol 19:721-727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00695.x
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal
- Seibold S, Gossner MM, Simons NK et al (2019) Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3
- Seibold S, Rammer W, Hothorn T et al (2021) The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition. Nature 597:77-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03740-8
- Shaw MR, Hochberg ME (2001) The neglect of parasitic Hymenoptera in insect conservation strategies: the British fauna as a prime example. J Insect Conserv 5:253-263
- Silva MS, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33:23-43. https:// doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444
- Simberloff D (1998) Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is singlespecies management passe in the landscape era? Biol Conserv 83:247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00081-5
- Smith RJ, Walpole MJ (2005) Should conservationists pay more attention to corruption? Oryx 39:251-256. https://doi.org/10. 1017/S0030605305000608
- Smith BM, Chakrabarti P, Chatterjee A et al (2017) Collating and validating indigenous and local knowledge to apply multiple knowledge systems to an environmental challenge: a case-study of pollinators in India. Biol Cons 211:20-28. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.032
- Smith DFQ, Camacho E, Thakur R et al (2021) Glyphosate inhibits melanisation and increases susceptibility to infection in insects. PLOS Biol 19:e3001182
- Soliveres S, Plas FVD, Manning P et al (2016) Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 536:456-459. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19092
- Soutullo A, Gudynas E (2006) How effective is the MERCOSUR's network of protected areas in representing South America's ecoregions? Oryx 40:112-116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030 605306000020
- Speart J (2012) Winged obsession: the pursuit of the world's most notorious butterfly smuggler. William Morrow, New York
- Spitzer L, Benes J, Dandova J et al (2009) The large blue butterfly, Phengaris [Maculinea] arion, as a conservation umbrella on a landscape scale: the case of the Czech Carpathians. Ecol Indic 9:1056-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.006
- Stork NE (2018) How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on Earth? Annu Rev Entomol 63:31-45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
- Suarez AV, Tsutsui ND (2004) The value of museum collections for research and society. Bioscience 54:66-74. https://doi.org/10. 1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:TVOMCF]2.0.CO;2
- Sumner S, Law G, Cini A (2018) Why we love bees and hate wasps. Ecol Entomol 43:836-845. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12676
- Swanson T (1999) Why is there a biodiversity convention? The international interest in centralised development planning. Int Aff R Inst Int Aff 1944-75:307-331
- Tallamy D, Narango D, Mitchell A (2021) Do non-native plants contribute to insect declines? Ecol Entomol 46:729-742. https://doi. org/10.1111/een.12973
- The General Congress of the United Mexican States (2010) NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Proteccion ambiental-Especies nativas de Mexico de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorias de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusion, exclusion o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. https://www.dof. gob.mx/normasOficiales/4254/semarnat/semarnat.htm. Accessed 16 May 2022
- The General Congress of the United Mexican States (2021) Ley General de Vida Silvestre. In: Congr. Union Camara Diput. https:// www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/146_200521.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2022
- Thornton D, Zeller K, Rondinini C et al (2016) Assessing the umbrella value of a range-wide conservation network for jaguars ( Panthera onca ). Ecol Appl 26:1112-1124. https://doi.org/10.1890/ 15-0602
- Tirado C, Trujillo D, Pizarro-Araya J et al (2018) Ecophysiological traits and activity patterns of coleopterans from Atacama Desert provide clues to the functional responses of small ectotherms to climate change. J Arid Environ 150:21-27. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jaridenv.2017.11.016
- Togni PHB, Venzon M, Lagoa ACG, Sujii ER (2019) Brazilian legislation leaning towards fast registration of biological control agents to benefit organic agriculture. Neotrop Entomol 48:175-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-019-00675-8
- United Nations (1992) Convention on biological diversity
- United Nations (2015) THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals. Accessed 3 Mar 2022
- Wagner DL (2020) Insect declines in the Anthropocene. Annu Rev Entomol 65:457-480. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annur ev-ento-011019-025151
- Wagner DL, Driesche RGV (2010) Threats posed to rare or endangered insects by invasions of nonnative species. Annu Rev Entomol 55:547-568. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annur ev-ento-112408-085516
- Wangchuk S (2007) Maintaining ecological resilience by linking protected areas through biological corridors in Bhutan. Trop Ecol 48:176-187
- Watson JEM, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M (2014) The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515:67-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13947
- Whiteman NK, Sites RW (2008) Aquatic insects as umbrella species for ecosystem protection in Death Valley National Park. J Insect Conserv 12:499-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10841-007-9090-9
- WHO (2019) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition. In: World Health Organ. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/ 9789240005662. Accessed 17 May 2022
- Wilson C, Tisdell CA, Wilson C, Tisdell CA (2004) What role does knowledge of wildlife play in providing support for species' conservation. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.51417
- Wilting HC, Schipper AM, Bakkenes M et al (2017) Quantifying biodiversity losses due to human consumption: a global-scale footprint analysis. Environ Sci Technol 51:3298-3306. https://doi.org/10. 1021/acs.est.6b05296
- Wunder S (2007) The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation. Conserv Biol J Soc Conserv Biol 21:48-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00559.x
- Xu H, Cao Y, Yu D et al (2021) Ensuring effective implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity targets. Nat Ecol Evol 5:411- 418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01375-y
- Zanuncio JC, Mourao SA, Martinez LC et al (2016) Toxic effects of the neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation on the stink bug predator, Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Sci Rep 6:30261. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30261
- zu Ermgassen SOSE, Maron M, Corlet Walker CM, et al (2020) The hidden biodiversity risks of increasing flexibility in biodiversity offset trades. Biol Conserv 252:108861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biocon.2020.108861
- Zuniga-Reinoso A, Predel R (2019) Past climatic changes and their effects on the phylogenetic pattern of the Gondwanan relict Maindronia (Insecta: Zygentoma) in the Chilean Atacama Desert. Glob Planet Change 182:103007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glopl acha.2019.103007