Hylidae

Boana caiapo (Fig. 3F).This species was described based on morphological, acoustic, and osteological characteristics (Pinheiro et al. 2018). The authors identified two types of notes, A and B, which can be emitted separately or together. Although both types are very similar in structure and frequency, note A has a shorter duration and fewer pulses. Additionally, note A is emitted more frequently and sometimes in combination with note B, whereas note B is rarely emitted alone (Pinheiro et al. 2018). We observed only the note A in the advertisement call of B. caiapo from Caseara, which reached a higher number of pulses per call (78–195 pulses; 69–122 pulses in the original description) (n = 169; Table S3). There are no female individuals in the type series of B. caiapo, and we provide here the measurements of four females, which are generally bigger than males (SVL 47.63–53.78 mm in females, n = 4; 39.88–49.51 mm in males, n = 39, present work; 42.2–51.2 mm in males, Pinheiro et al. 2018) (Table S2).

Boana sp. (aff. semilineata) (Fig. 4B). The Boana semilineata species group is mainly characterized by the presence of a reticulated lower eyelid membrane and is known to present several cryptic lineages (Fouquet et al. 2016; Peloso et al. 2018). The lineage of the B. semilineata group collected in Caseara municipality presents dark brown irregular bands on the dorsal surface of tibia and thighs, flanks black with white and yellowish spots, iris reddish surrounded by a black circle, and pupils black. Fouquet et al. (2016) identified an unnamed lineage with occurrence in Altamira municipality, Pará state, and Guaraí municipality, Tocantins state, called as Boana aff. semilineata 2. Silva et al. (2020) also recorded individuals that belong to this lineage in the municipalities of Ananás, Aragominas, Araguaína, Babaçulândia, Colinas do Tocantins, Muricilândia, Nazaré, and Santa Fé do Araguaia, all in the state of Tocantins. Our record may also represent this cryptic lineage, but we do not have acoustic and molecular data to confirm the identity of this population.

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Dendropsophus melanargyreus (Fig. 4E). We identified individuals of Dendropsophus melanargyreus in the study area according to morphological characteristics described by Caramaschi and Jim (1983). This species occurs in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso states to São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and northeastern Brazil; Surinam and French Guiana, Bolivia, and the Pantanal of northeastern Paraguay (Neves et al. 2020; Frost 2024). Despite this reported distribution, there is few information available about geographic variation of this species. The advertisement call of D. melanargyreus is currently described for two localities, Puerto Almacén, Bolivia and Belém municipality, Pará state, Brazil, both in the Amazon biome (Duelmann & Pyles 1983; Marquéz et al. 1993). Here we update the description of the advertisement call of this species, providing data for a new location at the CAT. The call of the species from the study area is composed of one pulsed note emitted sporadically, with duration ranging from 0.32 to 0.48 s (0.38 ± 0.04). The calls present 36 to 48 pulses (40 ± 2.5), with pulse rate ranging from 98 to 119 pulses per second (106.2 ± 7.7). The dominant frequency varies from 3359.2 to 3876.0 Hz (3566.7 ± 146) (Fig. 9A, Table S3). The advertisement call from Caseara is more similar to the calls provided for Bolivia (0.37– 0.46 s, 34–39 pulses/call, 83–97 pulses/s, and 3036–3661 Hz), and differs significantly in all parameters from the Belém population (0.25– 0.33 s, 127–140 pulses/s, 2093–2399 Hz). These call differences and the gap of knowledge about D. melanargyreus suggest that more than one species may be hidden under this name (Faivovich et al. 2005; Pyron & Wiens 2011; Fouquet et al. 2011; Medeiros et al. 2013).

Dendropsophus minutus (Fig. 4F). This is a small hylid frog, thought to be widely distributed in South America. However, Gehara et al. (2014) recovered a high genetic diversity within Dendropsophus minutus suggesting the existence of numerous distinct species. The authors recovered 43 lineages, including the population from Caseara municipality, designated as lineage 36, which is widely distributed across several Brazilian states.

Lysapsus caraya (Fig. 4H). The advertisement call of this species was first described to Araguapaz municipality, Goiás state, characterized by a pulsed call, composed of three notes with different note durations and pulse numbers (Bastos et al. 2011). Santana et al. (2013) described the advertisement call of four species of Lysapsus and found two types of call (A and B) for each species, except for L. caraya (only type A). According to the authors, the call A is emitted more frequently and may be classified as an advertisement call composed of several pulses, which may be concatenated or not; and call B, subdivided in notes x and y, it may be the result of choruses with intense social interactions among individuals. In the present study, we recorded the two types of calls for L. caraya (Fig. 9B, Table S3). The call A presents duration of 0.082 to 0.205 s (0.141 ± 0.035), with the number of pulses ranging from 8 to 17 (12.5 ± 24) and dominant frequency ranging from 4312.5 to 4781.2 Hz (4593.8 ± 119.9) (Fig. 9B). The duration of call B ranges from 0.111 to 0.211 s (0.171 ± 0.024) and dominant frequency from 4406.2 to 4875.0 Hz (4651.8 ± 127.4) (Fig. 9B). The first note (x) of call B presents a duration of 0.018 to 0.060 s (0.043 ± 0.013), with 5 to 16 pulses per note (10.5 ± 3.2), and dominant frequency ranging from 2718.8 to 4593.8 Hz (3850.4 ± 801.8). The duration of the second note (y) ranges from 0.026 to 0.088 s (0.064 ± 0.021), 4 to 8 number of pulses per note (6.0 ± 1.0), and dominant frequency ranging from 4406.2 to 4875.0 Hz (4654 ± 149.8). The values of call A overlap with those described by Santana et al. (2013), and both calls can be emitted alone or together, with several arrangements (e.g. A, B, A+B, A+B+B, B+A, A+A, B+B, B+B+B). We compared the call B of L. caraya with the same call of L. bolivianus and L. laevis, that present structure similarities. The entire call B duration of L. caraya overlaps with both species, and there are similarities between the parameters analyzed in the two types of notes (x and y). The number of pulses of the note x of L. caraya overlaps with L. bolivianus (5–16 and 6–22 pulses, respectively), and the duration of the note y of L. caraya overlaps with L. laevis (0.03– 0.09 s and 0.03– 0.13 s, respectively).

Scinax fuscomarginatus (Fig. 5C). This species presents a rich genetic structure and extensive geographical distribution, showing variation in morphological and call parameters throughout its distribution (Toledo & Haddad 2005; Brusquetti et al. 2014). The advertisement call from Caseara is composed of multipulsed note, with a duration of 0.27 to 0.33 s (0.30 ± 0.02), 53 to 65 pulses per call (58.6 ± 3.5), a pulse rate ranging from 187.3 to 205.9 (196.2 ± 3.6), and a dominant frequency ranging from 4134.4 to 4306.6 Hz (4300 ± 33.8) (Fig. 9C, Table S3). We focused our comparisons with two other localities of Cerrado and Amazon biomes, close to the studied area: Formoso do Araguaia municipality, Tocantins state, and Altamira municipality, Pará state (~ 300 km and ~ 700 km from Caseara, respectively). The call is consistent with both populations, but its duration is more similar to that of Tocantins population (0.27– 0.36 s, 183.1–195.3 pulses/s, 3444.4–3888.9 Hz) than to the Altamira population (0.74– 0.94 s, 165.2–201.2 pulses/s, 2888.9–4222.2 Hz).

Scinax similis. This species was mainly found in open and anthropized areas. Its SVL ranged from 32.8–39.1 mm in males and 27.1–37.7 mm in females (Table S2). In life, lineage presents gray to yellowish dorsum, with a light cream belly. The Scinax similis reported here is conspecific regard to the population misidentified by Silva et al. (2020) as S. x-signatus (figure 4J in the mentioned study). The advertisement call of this population presents a duration range from 0.15 to 0.29 s, with 6 to 11 pulses per call, pulse rate from 35.2 to 40.9 pulses/s, and dominant frequency ranging from 1033.6 to 4048 Hz (Table S3).