Effect of Fertilizer (Urea) on Earthworms: A Review

Earthworms play a crucial role in soil fertility by enhancing soil aeration, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. However, the increasing use of chemical fertilizers, particularly urea, raises concerns about its impact on earthworm populations and soil health. Various studies indicate that high concentrations of urea can lead to toxicity, reduced biomass, lower reproduction rates, and even mortality among earthworms. Additionally, excessive urea application alters soil pH and microbial composition, indirectly affecting earthworm activity. This paper highlights the need for balanced fertilizer use and promotes sustainable agricultural practices to maintain earthworm diversity and soil health.