COMPARISON OF FIXED-TIME VS. ACTUATED TRAFFIC SIGNALS: EFFICIENCY AND CHALLENGES

Urban traffic congestion is a growing concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries like India. Traffic
signal control strategies play a vital role in regulating vehicular flow at intersections. This paper presents a
comprehensive review of fixed-time and actuated traffic signal control systems, comparing their efficiency,
implementation, and adaptability. It evaluates signal timing techniques, performance indicators, and real-world
applications. Challenges and opportunities associated with each system are discussed, supported by Indian and
global case studies. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and policy integration in
smart traffic systems.