Environmental and Situational Factors in Criminal Decision-Making: A Study of Criminal Behavior

Crime is a complex phenomenon influenced by a combination of environmental and situational factors that shape offenders' decision-making processes. This study explores how these external variables contribute to criminal behavior across 10 thanas of Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP): Adabar, Hatirjheel, Jatrabari, Kafrul, Ramna, Sabujbagh, Tejgaon Industrial Area, Uttara East, Motijheel, and Badda. A quantitative research approach was employed, with data collected from 200 respondents using structured surveys, key informant interviews, and crime pattern observations. Findings indicate that poor street lighting (74%), lack of police patrols (66%), high unemployment (59%), and the presence of drug networks (55%) are major environmental contributors to crime. Additionally, situational factors such as the absence of law enforcement (69%), victim vulnerability (64%), and peer influence (54%) play a significant role in offenders' decision-making. The study identified commercial areas, public transport stations, and highways as crime hotspots, with late evening (6 PM - 12 AM) being the most crime-prone period. From a crime prevention perspective, respondents emphasized the need for increased police patrols (81%), CCTV surveillance (74%), improved street lighting (69%), and community engagement (58%) to reduce criminal activities. The study also highlights the importance of socio-economic measures, such as employment programs and drug rehabilitation, in mitigating crime. However, limitations such as restricted access to official crime records, reliance on self-reported data, and the difficulty in establishing causation were acknowledged. The findings reinforce criminological theories such as Routine Activity Theory, Broken Windows Theory, and Rational Choice Theory, underscoring the role of environmental design and situational opportunities in shaping criminal actions. The study concludes that a holistic approach integrating law enforcement, urban planning, community engagement, and technological surveillance is necessary to enhance crime prevention efforts in Dhaka's urban areas.