Mechanobiology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a biologically driven process initiated by
mechanical forces that remodel the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone.
Governed by mechanotransduction, these forces convert into biochemical signals,
triggering cellular responses, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation. Key
players, including osteocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts, mediate bone resorption and
deposition essential for repositioning teeth.The mechanisms underlying OTM involve
pressure-tension responses and bioelectric signaling, both critical for tissue adaptation and
cellular activity. Achieving optimal force magnitude and duration is vital to ensure efficient
movement while minimizing adverse effects, such as pain, root resorption, or periodontal
damage. Advances in anchorage control, including temporary anchorage devices (TADs),
and the use of biochemical agents have significantly improved treatment precision and
outcomes. This review underscores the interplay between mechanical forces and biological
systems in orthodontics, with a focus on the PDL's role in stabilizing teeth and adapting to
forces. Additionally, it examines the effects of orthodontic forces on alveolar bone height,
root integrity, and skeletal structures. Insights from foundational research and clinical
practice highlight the importance of controlled force application to optimize treatment
strategies while minimizing complications. By integrating biological principles with
innovative approaches, this overview aims to refine orthodontic treatment and improve
patient outcomes.