Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published October 31, 2020 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

When morphometry meets taxonomy: morphological variation and species boundaries in Proboscoida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

Authors/Creators

Description

Cunha, Amanda F, Collins, Allen G, Marques, Antonio C (2020): When morphometry meets taxonomy: morphological variation and species boundaries in Proboscoida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190 (2): 417-447, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz166, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/2/417/5698679

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted. <a href="https://zenodo.org/account/settings/login?next=https://zenodo.org/records/14858146">Log in</a> to check if you have access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FF94FF93FFB457230C27FFA6391CFFF4
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FF94FF93FFB457230C27FFA6391CFFF4

Has part
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87EBFFB657210D0DF9503C8CF885 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87EBFFB757250C84F91F3D2CF9A5 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87EBFFB2572E0FD4F9283A94FA4C (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87EBFFB957330824FA523899FD10 (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858149 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858151 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858153 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858155 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858158 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858162 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858164 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858166 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858169 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858171 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858175 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14858177 (DOI)

References

  • Agassiz L. 1862. Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Second monograph. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Alder J. 1857. A catalogue of the zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club 3: 93-162.
  • Allman G. 1876. Diagnoses of new genera and species of Hydroida. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology 12: 251-284.
  • Allman G. 1888. Report of the Hydroida dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part II. The Tubularinae, Corymorphinae, Campanularinae, Sertularinae, and Thalamophora. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76 23: 1-90.
  • Altuna A. 1994. Descripcion de Clytia linearis (Thornely, 1899) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) y su variabilidad en la Costa Vasca; consideraciones biocenologicas, biogeograficas y ecologicas sobre la especie. Kobie (Serie Ciencias Naturales), Bilbao 22: 59-66.
  • Antsulevich AE. 1992. Observations on the hydroid fauna of the Kurile Islands. Scientia Marina 56: 213-216.
  • Bale WM. 1934. Note on Campanularia integra and Orthopyxis caliculata. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 59: 273-275.
  • Barroso R, Klautau M, Sole-Cava AM, Paiva PC. 2010. Eurythoe complanata (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae), the 'cosmopolitan' fireworm, consists of at least three cryptic species. Marine Biology 157: 69-80.
  • Bell JJ, Barnes DKA. 2000. The influences of bathymetry and flow regime upon the morphology of sublittoral sponge communities. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 80: 707-718.
  • Blanco O. 1967. Estudio critico sobre las especies del genero Silicularia Meyen 1834. Revista del Museo de La Plata 9: 217-241.
  • Borcard D, Gillet F, Legendre P. 2011. Numerical ecology with R. New York: Springer.
  • Boero F, Bouillon J. 1993. Zoogeography and life cycle patterns of Mediterranean hydromedusae (Cnidaria). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 48: 239-266.
  • Boero F, Bouillon J, Piraino S. 1996. Classification and phylogeny in the Hydroidomedusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Scientia Marina 60: 17-33.
  • Boissin E, Hoareau TB, Postaire B, Gravier-Bonnet N, Bourmaud CA-F. 2018. Cryptic diversity, low connectivity and suspected human-mediated dispersal among 17 widespread Indo-Pacific hydroid species of the south-western Indian Ocean. Journal of Biogeography 45: 2104-2117.
  • Bouillon J, Medel MD, Pages F, Gili JM, Boero F, Gravili C. 2004. Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina 68: 5-438.
  • Broch H. 1909. Hydroiduntersuchungen II. Zur Kenntnis der Gattungen Bonneviella und Lictorella. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 47: 195-205.
  • Broch H. 1910. Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere. Fauna Arctica 5: 128-247.
  • Bruno JF, Edmunds PJ. 1997. Clonal variation for phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis. Ecology 78: 2177-2190.
  • Budd AF, Romano SL, Smith ND, Barbeitos MS. 2010. Rethinking the phylogeny of scleractinian corals: a review of morphological and molecular data. Integrative and Comparative Biology 50: 411-427.
  • Calder DR. 1991. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum 154: 1-140.
  • Calder DR. 1993. Local distribution and biogeography of the hydroids (Cnidaria) of Bermuda. Caribbean Journal of Science 29: 61-74.
  • Calder DR. 2012. On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the wests coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa 3171: 1-77.
  • Calder DR. 2013. Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa 3648: 1-72.
  • Calder DR. 2017. Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region. Zootaxa 4256: 1-86.
  • Calder D, Choong H, Carlton J, Chapman J, Miller J, Geller J. 2014. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9: 425-440.
  • Cartwright P, Evans NM, Dunn CW, Marques AC, Miglietta MP,Schuchert P,Collins AG. 2008.Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1663.
  • Clarke S. 1879. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexander Agassiz, 1877-78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5: 239-252.
  • Collins AG, Winkelmann S, Hadrys H, Schierwater B. 2004. Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta 34: 91-99.
  • Collins A, Schuchert P, Marques A, Jankowski T, Medina M, Schierwater B. 2006. Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology 55: 97-115.
  • Collins AG, Bentlage B, Lindner A , Lindsay D, Haddock SHD, Jarms G, Norenburg JL, Jankowski T, Cartwright P. 2008. Phylogenetics of Trachylina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with new insights on the evolution of some problematical taxa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1673-1685.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1975. The hydroid species of Obelia (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae), with notes on the medusa stage. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 5: 251-293.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1981a. Life cycle, dispersal and distribution among the Hydroida. Porcupine Newsletter 2: 47-50.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1981b. Clytia Lamouroux, 1812, Laomedea Lamouroux, 1812, and Campanularia Lamarck, 1816 (Coelenterata, Hydroida): proposed designations of type species by use of the plenary powers, and comments on related genera. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 38: 208-220.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1982. Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 42: 37-148.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1990. European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): systematics and identification. Journal of Natural History 24: 535-578.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1992a. Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoa (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote-island faunae: an interim review. Scientia Marina 56: 245-261.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1992b. The Azores hydroid fauna and its origin, with discussions of rafting and medusa suppression. Arquipelago, Life and Earth Sciences 10: 75-99.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1995. North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna New Series 50: 1-386.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1999. A changing taxonomic paradigm: studies on Obelia and some other Campanulariidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoosystematica Rossica 1: 5-16.
  • Cornelius PFS, Ostman C. 1986. On the names of two species of the genus Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) common in western Europe. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 43: 163-170.
  • Cunha AF, Genzano GN, Marques AC. 2015. Reassessment of morphological diagnostic characters and species boundaries requires taxonomical changes for the genus Orthopyxis L. Agassiz, 1862 (Campanulariidae, Hydrozoa) and some related campanulariids. PLoS ONE 10: e0117553.
  • Cunha AF, Maronna MM, Marques AC. 2016. Variability on microevolutionary and macroevolutionary scales: a review on patterns of morphological variation in Cnidaria Medusozoa. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16: 431-442.
  • Cunha AF, Collins AG, Marques AC. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106: 118-135.
  • Debiasse MB, Hellberg ME. 2015. Discordance between morphological and molecular species boundaries among Caribbean species of the reef sponge Callyspongia. Ecology and Evolution 5: 663-675.
  • El Beshbeeshy M, Jarms G. 2011. Thekate Hydroiden von patagonischen Schelf (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Thecata). Verhandlungen des Naturwischenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 46: 19-233.
  • Forsman ZH, Barshis DJ, Hunter CL, Toonen RJ. 2009. Shape-shifting corals: molecular markers show morphology is evolutionarily plastic in Porites. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 45.
  • Forsman ZH, Concepcion GT, Haverkort RD, Shaw RW, Maragos JE, Toonen RJ. 2010. Ecomorph or endangered coral? DNA and microstructure reveal Hawaiian species complexes: Montipora dilatata/flabellata/turgescens & M. patula/verrilli. PLoS ONE 5: e15021.
  • Fukami H, Budd AF, Paulay G, Sole-Cava A, Allen Chen C, Iwao K, Knowlton N. 2004. Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals. Nature 427: 832-835.
  • Fukami H, Chen CA, Budd AF, Collins A, Wallace C, Chuang YY, Chen C, Dai CF, Iwao K, Sheppard C, Knowlton N. 2008. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not (order Scleractinia, class Anthozoa, phylum Cnidaria). PLoS ONE 3: e3222.
  • Galea HR. 2010. Notes on a small collection of thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Tristan da Cunha, south Atlantic. Zootaxa 18: 1-18.
  • Galea HR, Haussermann V, Forsterra G. 2009. New additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the fjords region of southern Chile. Zootaxa 2019: 1-28.
  • Galea HR, Schories D, Forsterra G, Haussermann V. 2014. New species and new records of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Chile. Zootaxa 3852: 1.
  • Govindarajan AF,Boero F,Halanych KM. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 820-834.
  • Govindarajan AF, Halanych KM, Cunningham CW. 2005. Mitochondrial evolution and phylogeography in the hydrozoan Obelia geniculata (Cnidaria). Marine Biology 146: 213-222.
  • Hartlaub C. 1901. Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896-97). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Systematik 14: 349-379.
  • He J, Zheng L, Zhang W, Lin Y, Cao W. 2015. Morphology and molecular analyses of a new Clytia species (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae) from the East China Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95: 289-300.
  • Hincks T. 1868. A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. London: John van Voorst.
  • Hirohito ES. 1995. The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Thecata. Tokyo: Publications of the Biological Laboratory Imperial Household.
  • ICZN ( International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1985. Opinion 1345. Laomedea flexuosa Alder, 1857, Sertularia volubilis Linnaeus, 1758 and Campanularia Johnstoni Alder, 1856 designated as type species of Laomedea Lamouroux, 1812, Campanularia Lamarck, 1816 and Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 (Coelenterata, Hydroida) respectively. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 42: 271-273.
  • Kaandorp JA. 1999. Morphological analysis of growth forms of branching marine sessile organisms along environmental gradients. Marine Biology 134: 295-306.
  • Kawauchi GY, Giribet G. 2014. Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 (Sipuncula): cosmopolitan or a group of pseudocryptic species? An integrated molecular and morphological approach. Marine Ecology 35: 478-491.
  • Klautau M, Russo CAM, Lazoski C, Boury-Esnault N, Thorpe JP, Sole-Cava AM. 1999. Does cosmopolitanism result from overconservative systematics? A case study using the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula. Evolution 53: 1414.
  • Kramp PL . 1913. Hydroids collected by the ' Tjalfe' Expedition to the west coast of Greenland in 1908 and 1909. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KJObenhavn 65: 1-36.
  • KrampPL.1935.Polypdyr(Coelenterata).I.Ferskvandspolypper og Goplepolypper. Danmarks Fauna 41: 1-207.
  • Laakmann S, Holst S. 2014. Emphasizing the diversity of North Sea hydromedusae by combined morphological and molecular methods. Journal of Plankton Research 36: 64-76.
  • Leclere L, Schuchert P, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Manuel M. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58: 509-526.
  • Legendre P, Legendre L. 1998. Numerical ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Lindner A, Calder DR. 2000. Campanularia noliformis McCrady, 1859 (currently Clytia noliformis; Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): proposed conservation of the specific name by the designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 57: 140-143.
  • Lindner A, Migotto AE. 2001. Merotrichous isorhiza, a nematocyst new to the Campanulariidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and its relevance for the classification of Cnidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114: 825-832.
  • Lindner A, Migotto AE. 2002. The life cycle of Clytia linearis and Clytia noliformis: metagenic campanulariids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with contrasting polyp and medusa stages. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 82: 541-553.
  • Lindner A, Govindarajan AF, Migotto AE. 2011. Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae). Zootaxa 36: 23-36.
  • Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Stockholm: L. Salvius.
  • Mammen T. 1965. On a collection of hydroids from South India. II. Suborder Thecata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 7: 1-57.
  • Maronna MM , Miranda TP, Pena Cantero AL , Barbeitos MS, Marques AC. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports 6: 18075.
  • Medel MD, Vervoort W. 2000. Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 330: 1-68.
  • Meroz-Fine E, Brickner I, Loya Y, Ilan M. 2003. The hydrozoan coral Millepora dichotoma: speciation or phenotypic plasticity? Marine Biology 143: 1175-1183.
  • Miglietta MP, Piraino S, Kubota S, Schuchert P. 2007. Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45: 11-19.
  • Miglietta MP, Schuchert P, Cunningham CW. 2009. Reconciling genealogical and morphological species in a worldwide study of the family Hydractiniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologica Scripta 38: 403-430.
  • Miglietta MP, Odegard D, Faure B, Faucci A. 2015. Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE 10: e0144762.
  • Migotto AE. 1996. Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen 306: 1-125.
  • Millard NAH. 1966. The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part III. The Gymnoblastea and small families of Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum 48: 427-487.
  • Millard NAH. 1971 . Hydrozoa . In : Bakker MZ , Winterbotton JM, Dyer RA, eds. Marion and Prince Edward Islands. Cape Town: Balkema, 396-408.
  • Millard NAH. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1-513.
  • Moura CJ, Harris DJ, Cunha MR, Rogers AD. 2008. DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta 37: 93-108.
  • Moura CJ, Cunha MR, Porteiro FM, Yesson C, Rogers AD. 2012. Evolution of Nemertesia hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the shallow and deep waters of the NE Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Zoologica Scripta 41: 79-96.
  • Moura CJ, Lessios H, Cortes J, Nizinski M, Reed J, Santos RS, Collins AG. 2018. Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy. Scientific Reports 8: 17986.
  • Naumov DV. 1969. Hydroids and hydromedusae of the USSR. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
  • Nutting CC. 1901. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3: 157-216.
  • Nutting CC. 1915. American hydroids. Part III. The Campanulariidae and the Bonneviellidae. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Oksanen J, Guillaume Blanchet F, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O'Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Henry M, Stevens H, Wagner H. 2015. Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.3-0. Available at http:// CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (date last accessed, 08 December 2019).
  • Ostman C. 1982a. Nematocysts and taxonomy in Laomedea, Gonothyraea and Obelia (Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae). Zoologica Scripta 11: 227-241.
  • Ostman C. 1982b. Isoenzymes and taxonomy in scandinavian hydroids (Cnidaria, Campanulariidae). Zoologica Scripta 11: 155-163.
  • Ostman C. 1987. New techniques and old problems in hydrozoan systematics. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, eds. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology, and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 67-82.
  • Ostman C. 1999. Nematocysts and their value as taxonomic parameters within the Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa). A review based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoosystematica Rossica 1: 17-28.
  • Ostman C, Piraino S, Roca I. 1987. Nematocysts comparisons between some Mediterranean and Scandinavian campanulariids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, eds. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 299-310.
  • Pena Cantero AL, Garcia Carrascosa AM. 1999. Biogeographical distribution of the benthic thecate hydroids collected during the Spanish 'Antartida 8611' expedition and comparison between Antarctic and Magellan benthic hydroid faunas. Scientia Marina 63: 209-218.
  • Pena Cantero AL, Garcia Carrascosa AM. 2002. The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen 337: 1-180.
  • Perez-Barros P, Confalonieri VA, Paschke K, Lovrich GA. 2015. Incongruence between molecular and morphological characters in the southern king crabs Lithodes santolla and Lithodes confundens (Decapoda: Anomura). Polar Biology 38: 2097-2107.
  • Piraino S, Morri C. 1990. Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the 'Stagnone' of Marsala (north-west Sicily). Marine Ecology 11: 43-60.
  • Postaire B, Magalon H, Bourmaud CAF, Gravier-Bonnet N, Bruggemann JH. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships within Aglaopheniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) reveal unexpected generic diversity. Zoologica Scripta 45: 103-114.
  • Postaire B, Gelin P, Bruggemann JH, Magalon H. 2017a. One species for one island? Unexpected diversity and weak connectivity in a widely distributed tropical hydrozoan. Heredity 118: 385-394.
  • Postaire B, Gelin P, Bruggemann JH, Pratlong M, Magalon H. 2017b. Population differentiation or species formation across the Indian and the Pacific Oceans? An example from the brooding marine hydrozoan Macrorhynchia phoenicea. Ecology and Evolution 7: 8170-8186.
  • Prada C, Schizas NV, Yoshioka PM. 2008. Phenotypic plasticity or speciation? A case from a clonal marine organism. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 47.
  • Prada C, DeBiasse MB, Neigel JE, Yednock B, Stake JL, Forsman ZH, Baums IB, Hellberg ME. 2014. Genetic species delineation among branching Caribbean Porites corals. Coral Reefs 33: 1019-1030.
  • R Core Team. 2019. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.R-project.org (date last accessed, 08 December 2019).
  • Ralph PM. 1956. Variation in Obelia geniculata (Lennaeus, 1758) and Silicularia bilabiata (Coughtrey, 1875) (Hydroida, F. Campanulariidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84: 279-296.
  • Ralph PM. 1957. New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part I. Campanulariidae and Campanulinidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84: 811-854.
  • Ralph PM. 1961. New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part V. The distribution of the New Zealand thecate hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1: 103-111.
  • Ralph PM, Thomson HG. 1968. Seasonal changes in growth of the erect stem of Obelia geniculata in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 44: 1-21.
  • Rees W, Thursfield S. 1965. The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, Section B (Biology) 69: 34-220.
  • Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1-209.
  • Ronowicz M. 2007. Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Svalbard waters - biodiversity and distribution. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 87: 1089-1094.
  • Sars M. 1850. Beretning om en i sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 6: 121-211.
  • Sars M. 1857. Bidrag til kundskaben om Middlehavets littoral-fauna, reisebemaerkninger fra Italien. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 9: 110-164.
  • Schierwater B, Ender A. 2000. Sarsia marii n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) and the use of 16S rDNA sequences for unpuzzling systematic relationships in Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina 64: 117-122.
  • Schneider Ca, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 671-675.
  • Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience 53: 1-184.
  • Schuchert P. 2003. Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Danish expedition to the Kei Islands. Steenstrupia 27: 137-256.
  • Schuchert P. 2005. Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 194-199.
  • Schuchert P. 2014. High genetic diversity in the hydroid Plumularia setacea: a multitude of cryptic species or extensive population subdivision? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 76: 1-9.
  • Schuchert P. 2019. Campanulariidae Jonhston, 1936. In: Schuchert P, ed. World Hydrozoa Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species Available at: http:// www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1606 (accessed 27 October 2019).
  • Soto Angel JJ, Pena Cantero AL. 2015. On the benthic hydroids from the Scotia Arc (Southern Ocean): new insights into their biodiversity, ecology and biogeography. Polar Biology 38: 983-1007.
  • Stechow E. 1919. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauer'sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 42: 1-172.
  • Stechow E. 1920. Neue Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der Hydroidenforschung. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft fur Morphologie und Physiologie in Munchen 31: 9-45.
  • Stechow E. 1921. Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 87: 248-265.
  • Stefani F, Benzoni F, Yang SY, Pichon M, Galli P, Chen CA. 2011. Comparison of morphological and genetic analyses reveals cryptic divergence and morphological plasticity in Stylophora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Coral Reefs 30: 1033-1049.
  • Stepanjants S. 1998. Obelia (Cnidaria, Medusozoa, Hydrozoa): phenomenon, aspects of investigations, perspectives for utilization. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 36: 179-215.
  • Stepanjants SD,Cortese G, Kruglikova SB,Bjorklund KR. 2006. A review of bipolarity concepts: history and examples from Radiolaria and Medusozoa (Cnidaria). Marine Biology Research 2: 200-241.
  • Todd PA. 2008. Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals. Biological Reviews 83: 315-337.
  • Trussell GC. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail: the role of a common crab predator. Evolution 50: 448.
  • Vervoort W. 1959. The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report 5: 211-325.
  • Vervoort W. 1972. Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen 120: 1-247.
  • Vervoort W, Watson JE. 2003. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria:Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). Wellington: NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research).
  • Willette DA, Iniguez AR, Kupriyanova EK, Starger CJ, Varman T, Toha AH, Maralit BA, Barber PH. 2015. Christmas tree worms of Indo-Pacific coral reefs: untangling the Spirobranchus corniculatus (Grube, 1862) complex. Coral Reefs 34: 899-904.
  • Yamada M. 1969. Notes on Japanese species of Bonneviella (Hydrozoa). Bulletin of the Marine Biological Association of Asamushi 13: 241-245.
  • Yoshioka PM. 1982. Predator-induced polymorphism in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61: 233-242.
  • Zhou K, Zheng L, He J, Lin Y, Cao W, Zhang W. 2013. Detection of a new Clytia species (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae) with DNA barcoding and life cycle analyses. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93: 2075-2088.