Fragile ties: exploring city diplomacy in times of crises

This paper investigates the resilience of city diplomacy versus traditional state diplomacy during crises, focusing on COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine's impact on Polish-Chinese paradiplomatic relations. The hypothesis posits that city diplomacy is less durable in facing external shocks than traditional diplomacy. Using a multi-level governance framework, the article analyses bilateral relations at subnational, national, and supranational levels. Empirical evidence from surveys and interviews reveals the nuanced dynamics amid crises. Findings indicate a general deterioration of Polish-Chinese city-to-city relationships, highlighting the paradiplomatic links' fragility. The paper contributes to understanding diplomatic resilience, emphasising the increasing role of local governments in international relations.