A Review on Human Immuno Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that was first identified in humans in 1959, believed to have originated from chimpanzees through zoonotic transmission during hunting. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. HIV exists in two subtypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the more prevalent and virulent form. The infection progresses through three stages: acute infection, chronic infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), ultimately compromising the immune system and leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Without treatment, HIV significantly reduces the lifespan of affected individuals. Currently, no definitive cure exists for HIV; however, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has revolutionized disease management. ART effectively suppresses viral replication, delays disease progression, and improves the quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Despite advancements, challenges remain, including drug resistance, treatment adherence, and accessibility, particularly in resource-limited settings. Ongoing research is focused on developing long-acting therapies, novel drug delivery systems, and potential curative strategies such as gene editing and immune-based interventions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, and treatment strategies is crucial for developing improved therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of HIV’s origin, transmission, classification, disease progression, and current treatment strategies, with an emphasis on the role of ART in mitigating disease impact. Further research into innovative therapies is essential to achieve long-term viral suppression and ultimately find a functional or sterilizing cure for HIV.