Published May 15, 2025
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA)
Authors/Creators
- 1. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, United States & University of Wisconsin-Madison, UW Geology Museum, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
- 2. University of Wisconsin-Madison, UW Geology Museum, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
- 3. Biology and Geology Departments, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55015, United States
- 4. Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
- 5. Fort Washakie Schools, Fremont County School District #21, 90 Ethete Road, Fort Washakie, WY 82514, United States
- 6. Eastern Shoshone Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Bldg 17A, North Fork Rd., Fort Washakie, WY 82514, United States
- 7. Shoshone Language Consultant, Wind River Reservation, Fort Washakie, WY 82514, United States
Description
Lovelace, David M., Kufner, Aaron M., Fitch, Adam J., Rogers, Kristina Curry, Schmitz, Mark, Schwartz, Darin M., LeClair-Diaz, Amanda, St.Clair, Lynette, Mann, Joshua, Teran, Reba (2025): Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153
Files
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- URL
- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/308019
- LSID
- urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38C156C-5CC1-4706-8D8A-FFA6757A6590
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFB8E2070876FFA5170CCF01FFAE1D49
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB8E2070876FFA5170CCF01FFAE1D49
References
- Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD. The validity of Lagosuchus talampayensis Romer, 1971 (Archosauria, Dinosauriformes), from the Late Triassic of Argentina.Breviora 2019;565:1-21.
- Alcober O, Martinez R. A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Northwestern Argentina. ZooKeys 2010;63:55-81.
- Ballell A, Rayfield EJ, Benton MJ. Osteological redescription of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus based on new material from Tytherington, southwestern England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2020;40:e1770774. https://doi.org/10.1080 /02724634.2020.1770774
- Baron MG, Norman DB, Barrett PM. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 2017;543:501-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21700
- Benton MJ. Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1985;84:97-164. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01796.x
- Benton MJ, Walker AD.Saltopus, a dinosauriform from the Upper Triassic of Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2010;101:285-99. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s1755691011020081
- Bernardi M, Petti F, D'Orazi Porchetti S et al. Large tridactyl footprints associated with a diverse ichnofauna from the Carnian of the Southern Alps. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 2013;61:48-53.
- Bernardi M, Klein H, Petti FM et al. The origin and early radiation of Archosauriforms: integrating the skeletal and footprint record (Carrier D, ed.). PLoS One 2015;10:e0128449. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128449
- Bernardi M, Gianolla P,Petti FM et al. Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode. Nature Communications 2018;9:1499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1
- Bourquin S, Eschard R, Hamouche B. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of Upper Triassic succession (Carnian -Rhaetian) of the Zarzaitine outcrops (Algeria): a model of fluvio-lacustrine deposits. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010;58:365-86. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.04.003
- Broom R. Note on Mesosuchus browni, Watson, and on a new South African Triassic pseudosuchian (Euparkeria capensis). Records of the Albany Museum 1913;2:394-6.
- Browne J.A science of empire:British biogeography before Darwin.Revue D'histoire des Sciences 1992;45:453-75. https://doi.org/10.3406/ rhs.1992.4244
- Brusatte SL, Niedzwiedzki G, Butler RJ. Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic.Proceedings Biological Sciences 2011;278:1107-13. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rspb.2010.1746
- de Buffrenil V, de Ricqles AJ, Zylberberg L et al. Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2021.
- Button DJ, Lloyd GT, Ezcurra MD et al. Mass extinctions drove increased global faunal cosmopolitanism on the supercontinent Pangaea.Nature Communications 2017;8:733. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017- 00827-7
- Cabreira S, Schultz C, Bittencourt J et al. New stem-sauropodomorph (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Triassic of Brazil. Die Naturwissenschaften 2011;98:1035-40.
- Cabreira SF, Kellner AWA, Dias-da-Silva S et al. A unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph assemblage reveals dinosaur ancestral anatomy and diet. Current Biology 2016;26:3090-5.
- Cau A. The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process. Bollettino Della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 2018;57:1-25.
- Cheng SJ, Gaynor KM, Moore AC et al. Championing inclusive terminology in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2023;38:381-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.12.011
- Cohen KM, Finney SC, Gibbard PL et al. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. International Commission on Stratigraphy 2013;Episodes 36:199-204.
- Colombi C, Martinez RN, Cesari SN et al. A high-precision U -Pb zircon age constraints the timing of the faunistic and palynofloristic events of the Carnian Ischigualasto Formation, San Juan, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2021;111:103433. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103433
- Condon DJ, Schoene B, McLean NM et al. Metrology and traceability of U -Pb isotope dilution geochronology (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part I). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2015;164:464- 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.026
- Dal Corso J, Bernardi M, Sun Y et al. Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic). Science Advances 2020;6:eaba0099. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv. aba0099
- Dawley RM, Zawiskie JM, Cosgriff JW. A rauisuchid thecodont from the Upper Triassic Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 1979;53:1428-31.
- Desojo JB, Fiorelli LE, Ezcurra MD et al. The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations. Scientific Reports 2020;10:12782.
- Dubiel RF. Triassic deposystems, paleogeography, and paleoclimate of the western interior. In: Caputo MV, Peterson JA, Franczyk KJ (eds), Mesozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain Region, USA. Denver: Rocky Mountain Section SEPM, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1994, 133-68.
- Dunne EM, Farnsworth A, Greene SE et al. Climatic drivers of latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity. Palaeontology 2021;64:101-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12514
- Dunne EM, Farnsworth A, Benson RBJ et al. Climatic controls on the ecological ascendancy of dinosaurs. Current Biology: CB 2023;33:206- 14.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.064
- Dzik J. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2003;23:556-74. https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097
- Edgar KM, Haller L, Cashmore DD et al. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of dinosaur tracks in the UK. Journal of the Geological Society 2023;180:jgs2023-003.
- Endersby J. Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science, Paperback edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
- Ezcurra MD. A new early coelophysoid neotheropod from the Late Triassic of northwestern Argentina. Ameghiniana 2017;54:506. https://doi.org/10.5710/amgh.04.08.2017.3100
- Ezcurra MD, Brusatte SL. Taxonomic and phylogenetic reassessment of the early neotheropod dinosaur Camposaurus arizonensis from the Late Triassic of North America. Palaeontology 2011;54:763-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01069.x
- Ezcurra MD, Nesbitt SJ, Bronzati M et al. Enigmatic dinosaur precursors bridge the gap to the origin of Pterosauria. Nature 2020a;588:445-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3011-4
- Ezcurra MD, Nesbitt SJ, Fiorelli LE et al. New specimen sheds light on the anatomy and taxonomy of the early Late Triassic Dinosauriforms from the Chanares formation, NW Argentina. Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N. J.: 2007) 2020b;303:1393-438.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24243
- Ezcurra MD,Muller RT,Novas FE et al. Osteology of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Jaklapallisaurus asymmetricus from the Late Triassic of central India. The Anatomical Record 2023;307:1093-112. https://doi. org/10.1002/ar.25359
- Farlow JO, Schachner ER, Sarrazin JC et al. Pedal proportions of Poposaurus gracilis: convergence and divergence in the feet of archosaurs. Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J.: 2007) 2014;297:1022-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22863
- Ferigolo J, Langer M. A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone. Historical Biology 2007;19:23-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600845767
- Fitch AJ, Lovelace DM, Stocker MR. The oldest dinosaur from the northern hemisphere and the origins of Theropoda. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts 2020:140-1.
- Fitch AJ, Haas M, C'Hair W et al. A new rhynchosaur taxon from the Popo Agie Formation, WY: implications for a Northern Pangean Early -Late Triassic (Carnian) fauna. Diversity 2023;15:544. https:// doi.org/10.3390/d15040544
- Foffa D, Whiteside DI, Viegas PA et al. Vertebrates from the Late Triassic Thecodontosaurus -bearing rocks of Durdham Down, Clifton (Bristol, UK). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2014;125:317-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2014.02.002
- Fonseca AO, Reid IJ, Venner A et al. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2024;22:2346577.
- Francillon-VieillotH,DeBuffrenilV,CastanetJ et al.1990.Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues. In: Carter JG (ed.), Short Courses in Geology. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 175-234.
- Galton PM. On the anatomy and relationships of Efraasia diagnostica (Huene) n. gen., a prosauropod dinosaur (Reptilia: Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic of Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 1973;47:229-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02985709
- Galton P, Kermack D. The anatomy of Pantydraco caducus, a very basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) of South Wales UK. Revue de Paleobiologie 2010;29:341-404.
- Gand G, Demathieu G. Les pistes dinosauroides du Trias moyen francais: interpretation et reevaluation de la nomenclature. Geobios 2005;38:725-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2005.04.001
- Garcia MS, Cabreira SF, da Silva LR et al. A saurischian (Archosauria, Dinosauria) ilium from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil and the rise of Herrerasauria. The Anatomical Record 2023;307:1011-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25342
- Gauthier J. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 1986;8:1-55.
- Gerstenberger H, Haase G. A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations. Chemical Geology 1997;136:309-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0009-2541(96)00033-2
- Geyer G, Kelber KP. Spinicaudata ('Conchostraca', Crustacea) from the Middle Keuper (Upper Triassic) of the southern Germanic Basin, with a review of Carnian -Norian taxa and suggested biozones. PalZ 2018;92:1-34.
- Gillman LN, Wright SD. Restoring indigenous names in taxonomy. Communications Biology 2020;3:1-3.
- Goloboff PA, Catalano SA. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 2016;32:221-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
- Griffin CT, Bano LS, Turner AH et al. Integrating gross morphology and bone histology to assess skeletal maturity in early dinosauromorphs: new insights from Dromomeron (Archosauria: Dinosauromorpha). PeerJ 2019;7:e6331. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6331
- Griffin CT, Wynd BM, Munyikwa D et al. Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution. Nature 2022;609:313-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x
- Guedes P, Alves-Martins F, Arribas JM et al. Eponyms have no place in 21st-century biological nomenclature. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023;7:1157-60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02022-y
- Hartman S, Mortimer M, Wahl WR et al. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ 2019;7:e7247. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7247
- Hartman SA, Lovelace DM, Linzmeier BJ et al. Mechanistic thermal modeling of Late Triassic terrestrial amniotes predicts biogeographic distribution. Diversity 2022;14:973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ d14110973
- Hasiotis ST. Continental ichnology: fundamental processes and controls on trace fossil distribution. In: Miller III W (ed.), Trace Fossils. Elsevier, Kidlington, Oxford, UK, 2007, 268-84.
- Haslett J, Parnell A. A simple monotone process with application to radiocarbon-dated depth chronologies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics 2008;57:399-418. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2008.00623.x
- Haubold H, Klein H. The dinosauroid trackways Parachirotherium - Atreipus -Grallator from the lower Middle Keuper (Upper Triassic: Ladinian, Carnian, ?Norian) of Frankonia (Germany). Hallesches Jahrbuch fur Geowissenschaften 2000;1-22.
- Haubold H, Klein H. Chirotherians and Grallatorids from lower through Upper Triassic deposits in Central Europe and the origin of dinosaurs. Hallesches Jahrbuch fur Geowissenschaften 2002;24:1-22.
- Hiess J, Condon DJ, McLean N et al. 238 U/ 235 U systematics in terrestrial uranium-bearing minerals. Science 2012;335:1610-4. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.1215507
- High LR, Picard MD. Rock units and revised nomenclature Chugwater Group (Triassic), Western Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 1967;4:73-81.
- Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. MRBAYES:Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2001;17:754-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ bioinformatics/17.8.754
- von Huene FR. Die Dinosaurier der Europaischen Triasformation mit Berucksichtigung der Aussereuropaischen Vorkommnisse(part). Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 1908;6:345-419.
- von Huene F. Ein primitiver Dinosaurier aus der mittleren Trias von Elgin. Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folgung 1910;8:315-22.
- Irmis RB, Mundil R, Martz JW et al. High-resolution U -Pb ages from the Upper Triassic Chinle formation (New Mexico, USA) support a diachronous rise of dinosaurs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011;309:258-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.015
- Jaffey AH, Flynn KF, Glendenin LE et al. Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Physical Review C 1971;4:1889-906. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.4.1889
- Johnson EA. 1993. Depositional History of Triassic Rocks in the Area of the Powder River Basin, Northeastern Wyoming and Southeastern Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1917: P1-P30.
- Jones ME, Anderson C, Hipsley CA et al. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013;13:208-21. https:// doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-208
- Jost L, Yanez-Munoz MH, Brito J et al. Eponyms are important tools for biologists in the Global South. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023;7:1164-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02102-z
- Kammerer CF, Nesbitt SJ, Shubin NH. The first silesaurid dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2012;57:277-84. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0015
- Kammerer CF, Butler RJ, Bandyopadhyay S et al. Relationships of the Indian phytosaur Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker, 1885. Papers in Palaeontology 2016;2:1-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1022
- Kent DV, Clemmensen LB. Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215-212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric p CO 2 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021;118:e2020778118.
- Khalifa MA. Triassic -Jurassic boundary on the southern margin of Tethys: implications of facies, tectonics and volcanism. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 2007;41:110-9.
- Kirmse JPS, Benton MJ, Hildebrandt C et al. A Coelophysoidea (Dinosauria, Theropoda) femur from the Tytherington fissures (Rhaetian, Late Triassic), Bristol, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2023;134:562-72.
- Kischlat EE, Lucas SG. A phytosaur from the Upper Triassic of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2003;23:464-7. https://doi. org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0464:apftut]2.0.co;2
- Klein H, Lucas SG. The Triassic tetrapod footprint record. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 2021;83:1-194.
- Klein H, Voigt S, Saber H et al. First occurrence of a Middle Triassic tetrapod ichnofauna from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2011;307:218-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.021
- Kozur HW, Weems RE. The biostratigraphic importance of conchostracans in the continental Triassic of the northern hemisphere. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2010;334:315- 417. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp334.13
- Krogh TE. A low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1973;37:485-94. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90213-5
- Krone IW, Magoulick KM, Yohler RM. All the Earth will not remember: how geographic gaps structure the record of diversity and extinction. Paleobiology 2024;50:214-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2023.34
- Kufner AM, Lovelace DM. Taphonomy of two Late Triassic stereospondyl mass death assemblages from the Popo Agie Formation (Fremont County, Wyoming). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts 2018:162.
- Kufner AM, Blomberg OH, Gonzales HM et al. Specimen-level assessment of ontogeny and phylogeny of North American metoposaurids (Tetrapoda, Temnospondyli). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts 2023:255.
- Langer MC, Ferigolo J. The Late Triassic dinosauromorph Sacisaurus agudoensis (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2013;379:353-92. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp379.16
- Langer MC, Abdala F, Richter M et al. A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences -Series IIA -Earth and Planetary Science 1999;329:511-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s1251-8050(00)80025-7
- Langer MC, Ezcurra MD, Bittencourt JS et al. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2010;85:55-110. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x
- Langer MC, Nesbitt SJ, Bittencourt JS et al. Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha. In Nesbitt S, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (ed.), Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2013;379:157-86. https://doi. org/10.1144/sp379.9
- Langer MC, Ezcurra MD, Rauhut OWM et al. Untangling the dinosaur family tree. Nature 2017;551:E1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nature24011
- Langer MC, Ramezani J, Da Rosa AAS.U -Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondwana Research 2018;57:133-40.
- Langer MC, McPhee BW, Marsola JC de A et al. Anatomy of the dinosaur Pampadromaeus barberenai (Saurischia -Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. PLoS One 2019;14:e0212543.
- Leal LA, Azevedo SK, Kellner AWA et al. A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paran Basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 2004;690:1-24.
- Lee MSY, Baron MG, Norman DB et al. Dynamic biogeographic models and dinosaur origins. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2018;109:325-32. https://doi. org/10.1017/s1755691018000920
- Liboiron M. Decolonizing geoscience requires more than equity and inclusion. Nature Geoscience 2021;14:876-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41561-021-00861-7
- Lichtig AJ, Lucas SG, Klein H et al. Triassic turtle tracks and the origin of turtles. Historical Biology 2018;30:1112-22. https://doi.org/10.1080 /08912963.2017.1339037
- Lockley M, Lucas S. Evazoum gatewayensis a new Late Triassic archosaurian ichnospecies from Colorado: implications for footprints in the ichnofamily Otozoidae. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 2013;61:345-53.
- Lockley MG, Lallensack JN, Sciscio L et al. The early Mesozoic saurischian trackways Evazoum and Otozoum: implications for 'prosauropod' (basal sauropodomorph) gaits. Historical Biology 2024;36:406-24.
- Long R, Murry P. Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) Tetrapods from the Southwestern United States cover. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 1995;4:1-254.
- Lovelace DM. Triassic macrostratigraphy of the western United States and the ichnology, paleoecology, and paleoenvironments of the Early and Middle Triassic of the Chugwater Group, Wyoming. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2012.
- Lovelace DM, Doebbert AC. A new age constraint for the Early Triassic Alcova Limestone (Chugwater Group), Wyoming. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2015;424:1-5. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.009
- Lovelace DM, Lovelace SD. Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of a lower Triassic invertebrate and vertebrate ichnoassemblage from the red peak formation (Chugwater Group), central Wyoming.PALAIOS 2012;27:636-57. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2012.p12-011r
- Lovelace DM, Hartman SA, Mathewson PD et al. Modeling dragons: using linked mechanistic physiological and microclimate models to explore environmental, physiological, and morphological constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs ( Joger U, ed.). PLoS One 2020;15:e0223872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223872
- Lovelace DM, Fitch AJ, Schwartz D, et al. Concurrence of Late Triassic lithostratigraphic, radioisotopic, and biostratigraphic data support a Carnian age for the Popo Agie Formation (Chugwater Group), Wyoming, USA. GSA Bulletin 2024;136:2305-24. https://doi. org/10.1130/B36807.1
- Macdonald FA, Schmitz MD, Strauss JV et al. Cryogenian of Yukon. Precambrian Research 2018;319:114-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. precamres.2017.08.015
- Marsh AD, Parker WG, Langer MC et al. Redescription of the holotype specimen of Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry, 1995 (Dinosauria, Theropoda), from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2019;39:e1645682. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1645682
- Marsicano CA, Domnanovich NS, Mancuso AC. Dinosaur origins: evidence from the footprint record. Historical Biology 2007;19:83-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600866920
- Marsicano CA, Irmis RB, Mancuso AC et al. The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016;113:509-13. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.1512541112
- Marsola JCA, Bittencourt JS, Butler RJ et al. A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, south Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2018;38:e1531878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878
- Martinez RN, Alcober OA. A basal sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha. PLoS One 2009;4:e4397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004397
- Martinez RN, Sereno PC, Alcober OA et al. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science 2011;331:206-10. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198467
- Martinez RN, Apaldetti C, Alcober OA et al. Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2012;32:10-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.818546
- Martz JW, Parker WG. 2017. Revised formulation of the Late Triassic land vertebrate 'Faunachrons' of Western North America. In: Ziegler KE, Parker WJ (ed.), Terrestrial Depositional Systems. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 39-125.
- Martz JW, Small BJ. Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae). PeerJ 2019;7:e7551. https://doi. org/10.7717/peerj.7551
- Mattinson JM. Zircon U -Pb chemical abrasion ('CA-TIMS') method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chemical Geology 2005;220:47-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.03.011
- Menning M, Hendrich A; Deutsche Union der Geowissenschaften (eds), Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2016: STDK 2022. Potsdam: GeoForschungszentrum, 2022.
- Mestriner G, Marsola JCA, Nesbitt SJ et al. Anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of a new silesaurid assemblage from the Carnian beds of South Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023;43:e2232426. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2232426
- Milroy P, Wright VP, Simms MJ. Dryland continental mudstones: deciphering environmental changes in problematic mudstones from the Upper Triassic (Carnian to Norian) Mercia Mudstone Group, South-West Britain. Sedimentology 2019;66:2557-89. https://doi. org/10.1111/sed.12626
- Monarrez PM, Zimmt JB, Clement AM et al. Our past creates our present: a brief overview of racism and colonialism in Western paleontology. Paleobiology2022;48:173-85. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2021.28
- Moro D, Damke LVS, Muller RT et al. An unusually robust specimen attributed to Buriolestes schultzi (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil. Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N. J.: 2007) 2024;307:1025-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25319
- Muller RT. Astragalar anatomy of an early dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Historical Biology 2021;33:2534-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1814276
- Muller RT. On the presence and shape of anterolateral scars in the ontogenetic series of femora for two early sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Brazil.Paleontological Research 2022;26:1- 7. https://doi.org/10.2517/PR200001
- Muller RT, Garcia MS. A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs. Biology Letters 2020;16:20200417. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417
- Muller RT, Garcia MS. Oldest dinosauromorph from South America and the early radiation of dinosaur precursors in Gondwana. Gondwana Research 2022;107:42-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.02.010
- Muller RT, Garcia MS. A new silesaurid from Carnian beds of Brazil fills a gap in the radiation of avian line archosaurs. Scientific Reports 2023;13:4981. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32057-x
- Muller RT, Langer MC, Dias-da-Silva S. An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs. Biology Letters 2018;14:20180633. https://doi. org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633
- Nesbitt SJ. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011;352:1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1
- Nesbitt SJ, Ezcurra MD. The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: a new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum group of Texas. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2015;60:513-26.
- Nesbitt SJ, Sidor CA, Irmis RB et al. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 2010;464:95-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08718
- Nesbitt SJ, Langer MC, Ezcurra MD. The anatomy of Asilisaurus kongwe, a Dinosauriform from the Lifua member of the Manda beds (Middle Triassic) of Africa.The Anatomical Record 2020a;303:813-73.
- Nesbitt SJ, Zawiskie JM, Dawley RM. The osteology and phylogenetic position of the loricatan (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) Heptasuchus clarki, from the ?Mid -Upper Triassic, southeastern Big Horn Mountains, Central Wyoming (USA). PeerJ 2020b;8:e10101. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10101
- Nicosia U, Loi M. Triassic footprints from Lerici (La Spezia, Northern Italy). Ichnos 2003;10:127-40. https://doi. org/10.1080/10420940390256203
- Niedzwiedzki G, Szrek P, Narkiewicz K et al. Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland. Nature 2010;463:43-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08623
- Norman DB, Baron MG, Garcia MS et al. Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2022;196:1273-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/ zoolinnean/zlac062
- Novas FE. New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1994;13:400-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0 2724634.1994.10011523
- Novas FE, Ezcurra MD, Chatterjee S et al. New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of Central India. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2010;101:333-49. https://doi. org/10.1017/s1755691011020093
- Novas FE, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD et al. Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2021;110:103341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341
- Olsen PE, Kent DV, Whiteside JH. Implications of the Newark Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria.Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2010;101:201-29. https://doi. org/10.1017/s1755691011020032
- Orr MC, Hughes AC, Carvajal OT et al. Inclusive and productive ways forward needed for species-naming conventions. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023;7:1168-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41559-023-02103-y
- Padian K, Lamm ET (eds). Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods: Advancing Methods,Analysis,and Interpretation. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2013.
- Padian K, May C. The earliest dinosaurs. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 1993;3:379-81.
- Palma RL, Heath ACG. Science versus vernacular: should some taxa of animals and plants be renamed according to 'indigenous' practices? Bionomina 2021;22:1-7.
- Peabody FE. Reptile and Amphibian Trackways from the Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation of Arizona and Utah. In: Peabody FE (ed.). University of California Press, Berkeley, Califormia, USA, 1948;27:295-468.
- Peecook BR, Sidor CA, Nesbitt SJ et al. A new silesaurid from the upper Ntawere Formation of Zambia (Middle Triassic) demonstrates the rapid diversification of Silesauridae (Avemetatarsalia, Dinosauriformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2013;33:1127- 37. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.755991
- Pethiyagoda R. Policing the scientific lexicon: the new colonialism?. Megataxa 2023;10:20-5.
- Philipp RP, Schultz CL, Kloss HP et al. Middle Triassic SW Gondwana paleogeography and sedimentary dispersal revealed by integration of stratigraphy and U-Pb zircon analysis: the Santa Cruz Sequence, Parana Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2018;88:216-37.
- Pol D, Otero A, Apaldetti C et al. Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from South America: the origin and diversification of dinosaur dominated herbivorous faunas. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2021;107:103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103145
- Porchetti SD, Nicosia U, Mietto P et al. Atreipus -like footprints and their co-occurrence with Evazoum from the upper Carnian (Tuvalian) of Trentino-Alto Adige.Studi trentini di scienze naturali - Acta geologica 2008:227-287 2008.
- Pretto FA, Muller RT, Moro D et al. The oldest South American silesaurid: new remains from the Middle Triassic (PinheirosChiniqua Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone) increase the time range of silesaurid fossil record in southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2022;120:104039. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104039
- Rasmussen C, Mundil R, Irmis RB et al. U-Pb zircon geochronology and depositional age models for the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA): implications for Late Triassic paleoecological and paleoenvironmental change. GSA Bulletin 2020;133:539-58. https://doi.org/10.1130/b35485.1
- Reig OA. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los 'Estratos de Ischigualasto' (Mesotriasico Superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (Republica Argentina). Ameghiniana 1963;3:3-20.
- Romer AS. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. X. Two new but incompletely known long-limbed pseudosuchians. Breviora 1971;378:3781-10.
- Romer AS. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIV. Lewisuchus admixtus gen. et sp. nov., a further thecodont from the Chanares Beds. Breviora 1972;390:1-7.
- Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 2003;19:1572-4. https://doi. org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
- Rummy P, Rummy JT. Recontextualising the style of naming in nomenclature. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2021;8:1-6.
- Schiebinger LL. Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
- Schmitz MD, Schoene B. Derivation of isotope ratios, errors, and error correlations for U-Pb geochronology using 205Pb-235U-(233U)- spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2007;8:1-20. https://doi. org/10.1029/2006GC001492
- Schultz CL, Martinelli AG, Soares MB et al. Triassic faunal successions of the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020;104:102846.
- Sellwood BW, Valdes PJ. Mesozoic climates: general circulation models and the rock record.Sedimentary Geology 2006;190:269-87. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.05.013
- Sereno PC, Arcucci AB. Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Lagerpeton chanarensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1994;13:385-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011522
- Sereno PC, Forster CA, Rogers RR et al. Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature 1993;361:64-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/361064a0
- Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Alcober OA. Osteology of Eoraptor lunensis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2012;32:83-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.820113
- Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature 2006;440:764-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04637
- Simms MJ, Drost K. Caves, dinosaurs and the Carnian Pluvial Episode: recalibrating Britain's Triassic karst 'fissures'. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2024;638:112041. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112041
- Simms MJ, Ruffell AH. Synchroneity of climatic change and extinctions in the Late Triassic. Geology 1989;17:265-8. https://doi. org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0265:soccae>2.3.co;2
- So C, Kufner AM, Pardo JD et al. Fossil amphibian offers insights into the interplay between monsoons and amphibian evolution in paleoequatorial Late Triassic systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences In Press 2024;291:20241041. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1041
- Spiekman SNF, Ezcurra MD, Butler RJ et al. Pendraig milnerae, a new smallsizedcoelophysoidtheropodfromtheLateTriassicofWales.RoyalSociety Open Science 2021;8:210915. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210915
- Sues HD, Olsen PE. Stratigraphic and temporal context and faunal diversity of Permian -Jurassic continental tetrapod assemblages from the Fundy rift basin, eastern Canada. Atlantic Geology 2015;51:139-205. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2015.006
- Sues HD, Fitch AJ, Whatley RL. A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from the Upper Triassic of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2020;40:e1771568. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1771568
- Szulc J, Racki G, Jewula K et al. How many Upper Triassic bone-bearing levels are there in Upper Silesia (southern Poland)? A critical overview of stratigraphy and facies. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 2015;85:587-626. https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.2015.037
- Tourani A, Benaouiss N, De La Horra R et al. Characterization of the Carnian Pluvial Episode in the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco): an approach based on sedimentology, clay mineralogy and palaeosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2023;627:111720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111720
- Trayler RB, Schmitz MD, Cuitino JI et al. An improved approach to agemodeling in deep time: implications for the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina. GSA Bulletin 2020;132:233-44.
- Whiteside JH, Lindstrom S, Irmis RB et al. Extreme ecosystem instability suppressed tropical dinosaur dominance for 30 million years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015;112:7909-13. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1505252112
- Whiteside DI, Duffin CJ, Gill PG et al. The Late Triassic and Early Jurassic fissure faunas from Bristol and South Wales: stratigraphy and setting. Palaeontologia Polonica 2016;67:257-87.
- Wilder BT, O'Meara C, Monti L et al. The importance of indigenous knowledge in curbing the loss of language and biodiversity. BioScience 2016;66:499-509. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/ biw026
- Yates AM. The species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lowenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany. Palaeontology 2003;46:317-37. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x
- YatesAM.The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 2007;77:245-60.
- Ye S, Peters SE. Bedrock geological map predictions for Phanerozoic fossil occurrences. Paleobiology 2023;49:394-413. https://doi. org/10.1017/pab.2022.46
- Zeh A, Franz M, Obst K. Zircon of Triassic age in the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein)-witness of tephra fallout in the Central European basin and new constraints on the mid-Carnian Episode. Frontiers in Earth Science 2021;9:778820. https://doi.org/10.3389/ feart.2021.778820
- Zouheir T, Hminna A, Klein H et al. Unusual archosaur trackway and associated tetrapod ichnofauna from Irohalene member (Timezgadiouine formation, late Triassic, Carnian) of the Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco. Historical Biology 2020;32:589-601. https://doi.org /10.1080/08912963.2018.1513506