FIGURE 5. Origin and spread of Holarctic mammoths in two stages, according to Lister and Sher (2001). A: Early Pleistocene origin of M. trogontherii in eastern Asia and its spread westward into Europe and eastward into North America (becoming M. columbi). B: Middle Pleistocene origin of M. primigenius in NE Siberia & its spread westward into Europe (meeting endemic M. trogontherii) and eastward into North America (meeting endemic M. columbi). Black arrows indicate evolutionary transformations; solid, long-dashed, and short-dashed lines indicate successively later dispersals within (A) to (C). Double-ended arrows indicate the Eurasian range. The position of species names is significant only at continental scale. The location of the three genomically analysed molars is marked (star symbols).