Bernat Frangi Portfolio
Published January 2, 2025 | Version v2.0.1
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Rare Earth Elements: A review of applications, demand, sources, extraction, separation, and environmental impact

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Rare earth elements (REE) are critical materials used in many technologies, from electronics to renewable energy. Unfortunately, REE resources are limited and concentrated in a small number of countries; and the extraction and processing of REEs can have many negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, relying on a limited number of countries for REE production is unsustainable. This work discusses the relevance of REEs in modern technology and proposes possible solutions to these issues, including innovative extraction technologies, diversification of the REE market, and alternative sources for REEs. Additionally, the article calls for further research on the environmental and health impacts of REEs.

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