Published November 2024 | Version v1
Thesis Open

LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES AND RESILIENCIES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: BASIS FOR IMPROVED ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND GOVERNANCE

Authors/Creators

  • 1. College of Education, Arts & Sciences National University, Baliwag

Description

This study examines leadership competencies and resiliencies of school administrators as basis for enhancing organizational performance and governance. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research encompasses quantitative data from a survey of 67 school administrators with qualitative insights from comprehensive interviews. The results reveal a high level of leadership competencies among administrators, specifically in advising, managing, leading, and relating. Additionally, the qualitative findings highlight that these administrators demonstrate a level of resilience, an essential attribute for effectively addressing the complexities and challenges inherent to education administration. The convergence of leadership competencies and resiliencies underscores the efficacy of school administrators to effectively enhance school governance. The study findings emphasize the important role of competent leadership and resiliency in sustaining effective organizational performance and governance. Statistical analysis rejects the null hypothesis which underscores the positive relationship between leadership competencies and resilience, implying that school administrators with strong leadership competencies have a stronger ability to foster organizational success and manage difficult circumstances. Based on these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive training and development program for school administrators. This program aims to further enhance their leadership skills and resilience, leading to improved organizational performance and governance. This study provides valuable insights into the critical role of leadership and resilience in education administration.

Files

6_LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES AND RESILIENCIES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS BASIS FOR IMPROVED ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE.pdf

Files (1.2 MB)

Additional details

References

  • Adams, D., Lee, K. C. S., Thien, L. M., & Yusoff, N. N. M. (2021). Leading schools through the COVID-19 crisis in a South-East Asian country. Management in Education, 089202062110377. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206211037738
  • Adviento, M. L. G., & de Guzman, J. M. (2010). Community resilience during Typhoon Ondoy: the case of Ateneoville.
  • Alanoğlu, M. (2021). The role of instructional leadership in increasing teacher self-efficacy: a meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Education Review/Asia Pacific Education Review, 23(2), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09726-5
  • Alarcon, M. B. (2021). Crisis Leadership during COVID-19 Pandemic of Public-School Heads in Malasiqui District, Pangasinan. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4187818
  • Aldianto, L., Anggadwita, G., Permatasari, A., Mirzanti, I. R., & Williamson, I. O. (2021). Toward a business resilience framework for startups. Sustainability, 13(6), 3132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063132
  • Alsalamah, A., & Callinan, C. (2021). Adaptation of Kirkpatrick's Four-Level Model of Training Criteria to evaluate training programmes for head teachers. Education Sciences, 11(3), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030116
  • Alsawaier, R. S. (2018). The effect of gamification on motivation and engagement. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 35(1), 56–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijilt-02-2017-0009
  • Amankwah‐Amoah, J., Khan, Z., Wood, G., & Knight, G. (2021). COVID-19 and digitalization: The great acceleration. Journal of Business Research, 136, 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.011
  • Andersson, T., Cäker, M., Tengblad, S., & Wickelgren, M. (2019). Building traits for organizational resilience through balancing organizational structures. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 35(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2019.01.001
  • Anwar, G., & Abdullah, N. M. (2021). The impact of Human resource management practice on Organizational performance. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.1.4
  • Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2020). Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. http://196.43.179.3:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1068
  • Ashfaq, F., Abid, G., & Ilyas, S. (2022). Work engagement: creating value through sustainable leadership and resilience. In Emerald Publishing Limited eBooks (pp. 121–132). https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-787-220221010
  • Banerjee, R., Gajjar, K., Saxena, P., Smetana, J. B., & Muduli, A. (2022). Leadership response to COVID-19: a comparative analysis of the education sector in USA and India. Human Resource Development International, 25(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2073119
  • Bayaua, M. (2022). Resilience in Media: Narratives on the Impact, Breakdowns and Breakthroughs during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Selected Media Professionals. Augustinian, 23(1), 1-1.
  • Beauchamp, G. K., Hulme, M., Clarke, L., Hamilton, L., & Harvey, J. (2021). 'People miss people': A study of school leadership and management in the four nations of the United Kingdom in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220987841
  • Bent-Cunningham, C., & Mauzard, N. (2021). Empowering Leaders through the COVID-19 Crisis: Implementing a Transformative Communication Model. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2(2), 157-168.
  • Bingöl, T. Y., Batık, M. V., Hoşoğlu, R., & Kodaz, A. F. (2019). Psychological resilience and positivity as predictors of Self-Efficacy. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2019.51.63.69
  • Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2023). Effective training: systems, strategies and practices. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB01286045
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2021). The resilience paradox. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1942642
  • Bottiani, J. H., Larson, K. E., Debnam, K. J., Bischoff, C., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2017). Promoting educators' use of culturally responsive practices: A Systematic Review of inservice Interventions. Journal of Teacher Education, 69(4), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117722553
  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., ... & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126.
  • Brion, C., & Kıral, B. (2022). COVID-19 Crisis Challenges and management Strategies of Educational Leaders in America. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(4), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.943568
  • Brundiers, K., Barth, M., Cebrián, G., Cohen, M., Díaz, L., Doucette-Remington, S., Dripps, W., Habron, G., Harré, N., Jarchow, M., Losch, K., Michel, J. O., Mochizuki, Y., Rieckmann, M., Parnell, R. A., Walker, P., & Zint, M. (2020). Key competencies in sustainability in higher education—toward an agreed-upon reference framework. Sustainability Science, 16(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00838-2
  • Buntigao, J. G., Cabatingan, A. Y., Polinar, M. N. & Delantar, A. A. (2023). Resilience, Change Management, and Business Sustainability in the New Normal of the Selected PCAB-Accredited Companies. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(4), 1195-1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.04.17
  • Burch, P., Bingham, A. J., & Miglani, N. (2020). Combining institutional and distributed frameworks in studies of school leadership. Peabody Journal of Education, 95(4), 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2020.1800176
  • Camiel, L. D., Taglieri, C. A., Kostka-Rokosz, M. D., Tataronis, G., & Goldman, J. D. (2022). Relationship between pharmacy students' resilience scores and their leadership, work experience and academic performance. Industry and Higher Education, 37(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221113491
  • Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The journal of positive psychology, 12(3), 297-298.
  • Comeaux, E., Grummert, S. E., & Mireles, D. C. (2023). A critical review of the literature on cultural competency in student affairs: Toward transformative cultural responsiveness. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 16(5), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000363
  • Cooke, F. L., Wood, G., Wang, M., & Li, A. S. (2021). Riding the tides of mergers and acquisitions by building a resilient workforce: A framework for studying the role of human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 31(3), 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100747
  • Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
  • Coquyt, M. (2021). Self-evaluation of Educational Leadership Practices During COVID-19. The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning, 2(1), 3.https://doi.org/10.55354/2692-3394.1025
  • Crane, M. F., & Searle, B. (2016). Building resilience through exposure to stressors: The effects of challenges versus hindrances. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(4), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040064
  • Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x
  • Creswell, J. W., Clark, V. L. P., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E. (2003). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. Advanced mixed methods research designs, 223-227.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2011). Controversies in mixed methods research. The Sage handbook of qualitative research, 4(1), 269-284.
  • Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cullen, P., & Murphy, M. (2020). Responses to the COVID‐19 crisis in Ireland: From feminized to feminist. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S2), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12596
  • Czerniewicz, L., Trotter, H., & Haupt, G. (2019). Online teaching in response to student protests and campus shutdowns: academics' perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0170-1
  • Dami, Z. A., Wiyono, B. B., Imron, A., Burhanuddin, B., Supriyanto, A., & Daliman, M. (2022). Principal self-efficacy for instructional leadership in the perspective of principal strengthening training: work engagement, job satisfaction and motivation to leave. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2022.2064407
  • Danilwan, Y., & Dirhamsyah, I. P. (2022). The impact of the human resource practices on the organizational performance: does ethical climate matter?. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 1-16.
  • Darling‐Hammond, L., & Cook-Harvey, C. M. (2018). Educating the whole child: Improving school climate to support student success. https://doi.org/10.54300/145.655
  • Dartey‐Baah, K. (2015). Resilient leadership: a transformational-transactional leadership mix. Journal of Global Responsibility, 6(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/jgr-07-2014-0026
  • Day, C., Sammons, P., & Gorgen, K. (2020). Successful School Leadership. Education development trust.
  • DepEd Order No. 024 (2020). https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/09/07/september-7-2020-do-024-s-2020-national-adoption-and-implementation-of-the-philippine-professional-standards-for-school-heads/
  • DepEd Memorandum No. 054 (2023). chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/DM_s2023_054.pdf
  • Dewi, P. Y. A., & Primayana, K. H. (2019). Effect of Learning Module with Setting Contextual Teaching and Learning to Increase the Understanding of Concepts. International Journal of Education and Learning, 1(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.31763/ijele.v1i1.26
  • Ding, X., Liu, Y., & Peng, J. (2023). Straddling burnout and resilience: a Q methodology study among high school EFL teachers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2193171
  • Dizon, N. H., de Guzman, M. F. D., Uy, L. F., & Ganaden, A. R. (2021). Education concerns in public secondary schools of Division of Zambales, Philippines: An education response to COVID 19 pandemic of 2020. EAS J. Humanit. Cult. Stud, 3, 51-60.
  • Duchek, S. (2019). Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
  • Dumulescu, D., & Muţiu, A. (2021). Academic leadership in the time of COVID-19—Experiences and Perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648344
  • Du Plessis, P., & Mestry, R. (2019). Teachers for rural schools – a challenge for South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 39(Supplement 1), S1–S9. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39ns1a1774
  • Edwards‐Groves, C., Grootenboer, P., & Rönnerman, K. (2020). Facilitating a culture of relational trust in school-based action research: recognising the role of middle leaders. Educational Action Research, 24(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2015.1131175
  • Eisenberg, M., & Mordechai, L. (2020). The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept. The American Historical Review, 125(5), 1632–1667. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa510
  • Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparisons of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical & Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.201660501.11
  • Extremera, M. O., Townsend, A., & Segovia, J. D. (2022). Resilient leadership in principals: case studies of challenged schools in Spain. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2022.2052758
  • Fisher, D. M., Ragsdale, J. M., & Fisher, E. C. (2018). The importance of definitional and temporal issues in the study of resilience. Applied Psychology, 68(4), 583–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12162
  • Florez-Jimenez, M., Lleó, Á., Del Valle, I. D., & Marín, G. S. (2024). Corporate sustainability, organizational resilience and corporate purpose: a triple concept for achieving long-term prosperity. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2023-0938
  • Förster, C., Füreder, N., & Hertelendy, A. (2023). Why time matters when it comes to resilience: how the duration of crisis affects resilience of healthcare and public health leaders. Public Health, 215, 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.024
  • Gallespen, E. E., Villanueva, M. B., Larido, M., & Deramas, I. I. (2021). Strengthened resilience: Impact of pandemic in a gawad kalinga community. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 45(1), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v45i1.740
  • Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience in children's adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatric Annals, 20(9), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19910901-05
  • Gilli, K., Nippa, M., & Knappstein, M. (2022). Leadership competencies for digital transformation: An exploratory content analysis of job advertisements. Zeitschrift Fur Personalforschung, 37(1), 50–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/23970022221087252
  • Giustiniano, L., Cunha, M. P. E., & Clegg, S. (2016). The dark side of organizational improvisation: Lessons from the sinking of Costa Concordia. Business Horizons, 59(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.11.007
  • Goodrum, S., Thompson, A. J., Ward, K. C., & Woodward, W. (2018). A case study on threat assessment: Learning critical lessons to prevent school violence. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 5(3), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000104
  • Gray, S., Sterling, E. J., Aminpour, P., Goralnik, L., Singer, A., Wei, C. A., Akabas, S. R., Jordan, R., Giabbanelli, P. J., Hodbod, J., Betley, E., & Norris, P. E. (2019). Assessing (Social-Ecological) systems thinking by evaluating cognitive maps. Sustainability, 11(20), 5753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205753
  • Grissom, J. A., & Condon, L. (2021). Leading schools and districts in times of crisis. Educational Researcher, 50(5), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x211023112
  • Gultekin, H., & Dougherty, M. (2021). The Relationship between Servant Leadership Characteristics of School Teachers and Students' Academic Achievement. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 276–295. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/698
  • Hannah, S. T., Perez, A. L. U., Lester, P. B., & Quick, J. C. (2020). Bolstering Workplace Psychological Well-Being through Transactional and Transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(3), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051820933623
  • Harahap, S., Hermanu, D. H., Sugiharti, T., & Ruslaini, R. (2022). Lombok Teachers and principals building resilience in facing earthquakes and COVID-19 pandemic. Education Quarterly Reviews, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.05.02.477
  • Hartmann, T., & Jüpner, R. (2020). Implementing resilience in flood risk management. WIREs Water, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1465
  • Hassan, S., Mahsud, R., Yukl, G., & Prussia, G. E. (2013). Ethical and empowering leadership and leader effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941311300252
  • Haver, A., Akerjordet, K., & Furunes, T. (2014). Wise emotion regulation and the power of resilience in experienced hospitality leaders. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14(2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2014.899141
  • Hendrik, H., Yin, Y., Fauzi, A., Widiatmaka, W., Suryaningtyas, D. T., Firdiyono, F., & Yang, Y. (2022). Determination of the Red Mud Industrial Cluster Sites in Indonesia Based on Sustainability Aspect and Waste Management Analysis through PROMETHEE. Energies, 15(15), 5435. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155435
  • Heng, K., & Sol, K. (2021). Online learning during COVID-19: Key challenges and suggestions to enhance effectiveness. Cambodian Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.62037/cjer.2021.01.01.02
  • Ho, G. K., Lam, C., & Law, R. (2023). Conceptual framework of strategic leadership and organizational resilience for the hospitality and tourism industry for coping with environmental uncertainty. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(2), 835-852.
  • Ignacio, L. B. R., Lapuz, P. J. M., Montano, R. L. T., & Bautista, R. V. (2017). The Mediating Role of Post Traumatic Growth in Predicting Generalized Gratitude of Resilient Pwds. ANTORCHA, 4, 1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=11725
  • Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2021). Mapping the relationship between transformational leadership, trust in leadership and employee championing behavior during organizational change. Yà-tài Guǎnlǐ Pínglùn/Asia Pacific Management Review, 26(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.09.002h
  • Jehanzeb, K., & Mohanty, J. (2018). Impact of employee development on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: person–organization fit as moderator. International Journal of Training and Development, 22(3), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12127
  • Kabeyi, M. J. B. (2019). Organizational strategic planning, implementation and evaluation with analysis of challenges and benefits for profit and nonprofit organizations. International Journal of Applied Research, 5(6), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2019.v5.i6a.5870
  • Kalogiannidis, S. (2021). Impact of employee motivation on organizational performance. A scoping review paper for public sector. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v8i3.2064
  • Kansal, J., & Singhal, S. (2018). Development of a competency model for enhancing the organisational effectiveness in a knowledge-based organisation. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 16(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2018.090909
  • Karim, M. M., Choudhury, M. M., & Latif, W. B. (2019). The impact of training and development on employees' performance: an analysis of quantitative data. Noble International Journal of Business and Management Research, 3(2), 25-33.
  • Karreinen, S., Paananen, H., Kihlström, L., Janhonen, K., Huhtakangas, M., Viita-Aho, M., & Tynkkynen, L. (2023). Living through uncertainty: a qualitative study on leadership and resilience in primary healthcare during COVID-19. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09223-y
  • Kavrayıcı, C., & Kesim, E. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde okul yönetimi: nitel bir araştırma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 27(1), 1005-1060. https://doi.org/10.17762/kuey.v27i1.4
  • Khanal, J., Perry, F., & Park, S. (2019). Leadership practices of principals of high-performing community high schools: Evidence from Nepal. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(6), 1026–1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219884076
  • Kilag, O. K. T., & Sasan, J. M. (2023). Unpacking the role of instructional leadership in teacher professional development. Advanced Qualitative Research, 1(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.31098/aqr.v1i1.1380
  • Kim, M., & Windsor, C. (2015). Resilience and work-life balance in first-line nurse manager. Asian Nursing Research, 9(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2014.09.003
  • Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. (2020). Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: Distress and resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101843
  • King, G., & Rothstein, M. G. (2010). Resilience and Leadership: The Self-Management of Failure. In Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805551.00021
  • Klar, H. W., Huggins, K. S., Andreoli, P. M., & Buskey, F. C. (2019). Developing rural school Leaders through Leadership Coaching: A Transformative approach. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 19(4), 539–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2019.1585553
  • Kohl, K., Hopkins, C., Barth, M., Michelsen, G., Dlouhá, J., Razak, D. A., ... & Toman, I. (2022). A whole-institution approach towards sustainability: a crucial aspect of higher education's individual and collective engagement with the SDGs and beyond. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 23(2), 218-236.
  • Koliou, M., van de Lindt, J. W., McAllister, T. P., Ellingwood, B. R., Dillard, M., & Cutler, H. (2020). State of the research in community resilience: Progress and challenges. Sustainable and resilient infrastructure, 5(3), 131-151.
  • Kossek, E. E., & Perrigino, M. B. (2016). Resilience: A review using a grounded Integrated occupational approach. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 00. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1159878
  • Knowles, D., Ruth, D., & Hindley, C. (2019). Crisis as a plague on organisation: Defoe and A Journal of the Plague Year. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 32(6), 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1108/jocm-03-2019-0074
  • Kuenzi, K., Stewart, A., & Walk, M. (2021). COVID‐19 as a nonprofit workplace crisis: Seeking insights from the nonprofit workers' perspective. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 31(4), 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21465
  • Kuntz, J., Malinen, S., & Näswall, K. (2017). Employee resilience: Directions for resilience development. Consulting Psychology Journal, 69(3), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000097
  • Labrague, L. J., De Los Santos, J. a. A., & Falguera, C. C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1578–1584. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12721
  • Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H. E., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K. A., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R. (2014). The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement. Cochrane Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008958.pub2
  • Leechman, G., McCulla, N., & Field, L. (2019). Local school governance and school leadership: practices, processes and pillars. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(7), 1641–1652. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2018-0401
  • Leithwood, K. (2021). A review of evidence about equitable school leadership. Education Sciences, 11(8), 377.
  • Li, P. P. (2020). Organizational resilience for a new normal: balancing the paradox of global interdependence. Management and Organization Review, 16(3), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2020.30
  • Lien, C. M., Khan, S., & Eid, J. (2022). School Principals' Experiences and Learning from the Covid-19 Pandemic in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 67(5), 775–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2022.2043430
  • Linnenluecke, M. K. (2015). Resilience in Business and Management Research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076
  • Lombardi, S., Cunha, M. P. E., & Giustiniano, L. (2021). Improvising resilience: The unfolding of resilient leadership in COVID-19 times. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 95, 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102904
  • Lynch, D., Peddell, L., McGuigan, H. E., Willis, R., Yeigh, T., & Marcoionni, T. (2023). School leader perception of control and professional learning decision-making influences. Professional Development in Education, 50(1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2023.2235595
  • Ma, Z., Xiao, L., & Yin, J. (2018). Toward a dynamic model of organizational resilience. Nankai Business Review International, 9(3), 246-263.
  • Mackey, J., Gilmore, F., & Dabner, N. (2012). Blended learning for academic resilience in times of disaster or crisis. Journal of Online Teaching and Learning, 8(2), 122–135.
  • Madi Odeh, R. B., Obeidat, B. Y., Jaradat, M. O., Masa'deh, R. E., & Alshurideh, M. T. (2023). The transformational leadership role in achieving organizational resilience through adaptive cultures: the case of Dubai service sector. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72(2), 440-468.
  • Magat, Henry G., (2019). Evaluation Tool Development for Student Affairs and Services Practitioners: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Business, Education and Law (BEL) Centennial Edition, 23 (2), 67.
  • Mahfouz, J. (2018). Principals and stress: Few coping strategies for abundant stressors. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(3), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218817562
  • Makoe, M. (2023). Resilient leadership in time of crisis in distance education institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education (pp. 547–561). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_30
  • Marzana, D., Novara, C., De Piccoli, N., Cardinali, P., María, L., Di Napoli, I., Guidi, E., Fedi, A., Rollero, C., Agueli, B., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Leone, F. G., Guazzini, A., Meringolo, P., Arcidiacono, C., & Procentese, F. (2021). Community dimensions and emotions in the era of COVID‐19. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2560
  • Maxwell, A., & Riley, P. (2017). Emotional demands, emotional labour and occupational outcomes in school principals: Modelling the relationships. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(3), 484-502.
  • Méndez‐León, E., Reyes, T., & Díaz‐Pichardo, R. (2021). Towards a holistic framework for sustainable value analysis in business models: A tool for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2871
  • Moerschell, L., & Novak, S. S. (2019). Managing crisis in a university setting: The challenge of alignment. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 28(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12266
  • Moran, K. A. (2016). Organizational resilience: Sustained institutional effectiveness among smaller, private, non-profit US higher education institutions experiencing organizational decline. Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 54(2), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-162299
  • Mousa, M., Abdelgaffar, H., Chaouali, W., & Aboramadan, M. (2020). Organizational learning, organizational resilience and the mediating role of multi-stakeholder networks. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(3), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwl-05-2019-0057
  • Mousa, M., Massoud, H., & Ayoubi, R. (2019). Organizational learning, authentic leadership and individual-level resistance to change. Management Research, 18(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-05-2019-0921
  • Narcıkara, E. B., & Zehir, C. (2016). Effect of organizational support in the relationship between spiritual leadership and performance. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(12), 29-42.
  • Näswall, K., Malinen, S., Kuntz, J., & Hodliffe, M. (2019). Employee resilience: development and validation of a measure. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(5), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2018-0102
  • Ng, K., Poon, B. H., Puar, T., Quah, J., Loh, W. J., Wong, Y. J., Tan, T. Y., & Raghuram, J. (2020). COVID-19 and the risk to health care workers: a case report. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(11), 766–767. https://doi.org/10.7326/l20-0175
  • Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
  • Omona, J. (2013). Sampling in Qualitative Research: Improving the quality of research outcomes in Higher education. Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 4(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v4i2.4
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. T. (2015). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2007.1638
  • Padrigo, A. J. (2022). Kwentuhan At Paghahayuma: Narrative Stories Of Resilience Among Small-Scale Fisherfolks In Cavite City, Philippines. QSU Research Journal, 11(1), 1-1.
  • Pandita, D., Agarwal, Y., & Vapiwala, F. (2023). Fostering the sustainability of organizational learning: reviewing the role of Gen-Z employees. Industrial and Commercial Training, 55(3), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1108/ict-09-2022-0064
  • Parveen, K., Tran, P. Q. B., Alghamdi, A. A., Namaziandost, E., Aslam, S., & Tian, X. (2022). Identifying the leadership Challenges of K-12 Public Schools During COVID-19 Disruption: A Systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875646
  • Pangandoyon, R. T., Lupina, S. P., Mandin, M. O., & Bauyot, M. M. (2024). A multiple case study on the resilient leadership in Integrated Schools: school heads' perspective in focus. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i11237
  • Pedroso, J. E. P., Siason, N. D., & Siason, A. T. (2021). Principal's Leadership Practices during the COVID 19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies, 1(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2021.1.1.12
  • Polizzi, C. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2021). Regulating Emotionality to manage adversity: A systematic review of the relation between emotion regulation and psychological resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 577–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10186-1
  • Rädiker, S., & Kuckartz, U. (2020). Focused analysis of qualitative interviews with MAXQDA. MAXQDA Press.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2019). 21st century skill "Problem solving": Defining the concept. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.34256/ajir1917
  • Rajesh, R. (2022). A novel advanced grey incidence analysis for investigating the level of resilience in supply chains. Annals of Operations Research, 1-50. doi: 10.1007/s10479-020-03641-5.
  • Ramaswamy, M., Viswanathan, R., Kaniyarkuzhi, B. K., & Neeliyadath, S. (2022). The moderating role of resonant leadership and workplace spirituality on the relationship between psychological distress and organizational commitment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(4), 855–877. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2143273
  • Remedios, M. B. (2020). Work Motivation and Social Support as Correlates to Teachers 'work Resilience. LAMDAG, 11(1), 1-1.
  • Rodriguez, S., Allen, K., Harron, J., & Qadri, S. A. (2019). Making and the 5E learning cycle. the Science Teacher, 86(5), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.2505/4/tst18_086_05_48
  • Ruiz-Martín, C., López-Paredes, A., & Wainer, G. (2018). What we know and do not know about organizational resilience. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering, 6(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2018.7898
  • Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A., & Mansouri, S. A. (2018). Building organizational resilience in the face of multiple disruptions. International Journal of Production Economics, 197, 63–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.009
  • Salas‐Vallina, A., Alegre, J., & Cabrales, Á. L. (2020). The challenge of increasing employees' well‐being and performance: How human resource management practices and engaging leadership work together toward reaching this goal. Human Resource Management, 60(3), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22021
  • Samimi, M., Cortes, A. F., Anderson, M. H., & Herrmann, P. (2022). What is strategic leadership? Developing a framework for future research. The Leadership Quarterly the Leadership Quarterly, 33(3), 101353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101353
  • Sari, T., & Nayır, F. (2020). Challenges in distance education during the (COVID-19) pandemic period. Qualitative Research in Education, 9(3), 328. https://doi.org/10.17583/qre.2020.5872
  • Schechter, C., Da'as, R., & Qadach, M. (2022). Crisis leadership: Leading schools in a global pandemic. Management in Education, 089202062210840. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206221084050
  • Sencio, F. C., & Magallanes, C. I. (2020). Emotional intelligence and resilience of high school teachers in diocesan schools in Antique. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 105-106.
  • Shi, W., & Xie, Y. (2023). From knowledge to success: understanding the crucial role of governance, tacit knowledge sharing, and team leadership in project outcomes. Current Psychology, 43(9), 8219–8229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04994-3
  • Shore, L. M., & Chung, B. G. (2021). Inclusive Leadership: How leaders sustain or discourage work group inclusion. Group & Organization Management, 47(4), 723–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601121999580
  • Singha, R. (2024). Stress, Resilience, and Brain Performance. In Building Organizational Resilience With Neuroleadership (pp. 14-29). IGI Global
  • Skinner, E. A., Graham, J. P., Brule, H., Rickert, N., & Kindermann, T. A. (2020). "I get knocked down but I get up again": Integrative frameworks for studying the development of motivational resilience in school. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(4), 290-300.
  • Soderberg, A. T., & Romney, A. C. (2022). Building trust: How leaders can engender feelings of trust among followers. Business Horizons, 65(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.031
  • Sommer, S. A., Howell, J. M., & Hadley, C. N. (2015). Keeping positive and building strength. Group & Organization Management, 41(2), 172–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115578027
  • Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2018). Resilience: The science of mastering life's greatest challenges. Cambridge University Press.
  • Sreenivasan, A., Suresh, M., & Tuesta Panduro, J. A. (2023). Modelling the resilience of start-ups during COVID-19 pandemic. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 30(6), 2085-2109.
  • Stoverink, A. C., Kirkman, B. L., Mistry, S., & Rosen, B. (2020). Bouncing back together: toward a theoretical model of work team resilience. ˜the œAcademy of Management Review, 45(2), 395–422. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0005
  • Striepe, M., & Cunningham, C. (2021). Understanding educational leadership during times of crises: a scoping review. Journal of Educational Administration, 60(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-03-2021-0057
  • Sum, V. (2007b). A framework for managing training programs to enhance organizational operation performance. Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development, 2(3), 6. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=ojwed
  • Suryaningtyas, D., Dwiatmadja, C., & Sedyastuti, K. (2022). Organizational Resilience: The Perspective of Strategic Human Resource Management In the Disruption Era. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 11(1), 95-102.
  • Syakur, A., Susilo, T. a. B., Wike, W., & Ahmadi, R. (2020). Sustainability of communication, organizational culture, cooperation, trust and leadership style for lecturer commitments in higher education. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(2), 1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.980
  • Tosas, M. R. (2015). Educational leadership reconsidered: Arendt, Agamben, and Bauman. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 35(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-015-9474-3
  • Training. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/training?src=search-dict-box
  • Truong, T. D., Hallinger, P., & Sanga, K. (2017). Confucian values and school leadership in Vietnam: Exploring the influence of culture on principal decision making. Educational management administration & leadership, 45(1), 77-100.
  • Tull, S. P., Dabner, N., & Ayebi-Arthur, K. (2020). Social media and e-learning in response to seismic events: Resilient practices. Journal of Open, Flexible, and Distance Learning, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.61468/jofdl.v24i1.405
  • Tvedt, I. M., Tommelein, I. D., Klakegg, O. J., & Wong, J. M. (2023). Organizational values in support of leadership styles fostering organizational resilience: a process perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 16(2), 258-278.
  • Valladolid, V. C. (2021). The role of coping strategies in the resilience and well-being of college students during COVID-19 pandemic. Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(2), 30-42.
  • Vito, R., Hanbidge, A. S., & Brunskill, L. (2022). Leadership and Organizational Challenges, Opportunities, Resilience, and Supports during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 47(2), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2022.2157355
  • Wahlström, M. (2015). New Sendai framework strengthens focus on reducing disaster risk. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 200–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0057-2
  • Williams, T. A., Gruber, D. A., Sutcliffe, K. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of management annals, 11(2), 733-769.
  • Whitla, M. (2003). Crisis Management and the School Community. Australian Council for Educational Research. https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=321157299819500;res=IELHSS
  • Wieczorek, D., & Manard, C. (2018). Instructional leadership challenges and practices of novice principals in rural schools. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 34(2), 1–21. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1172786
  • Wong, S. (2020). Competency Definitions, Development and Assessment: A Brief review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v9-i3/8223
  • Yin, R. K. (2016). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed.) 137-138. New York, NY: Guilford Press. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB0525667X
  • Zaidi, S. M. H. R., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2021). Self-Sacrifice: The impact of leader Self-Sacrifice on teams' effective work and leaders' work engagement, and their well being: the mediatory role of team effective commitment, and leader depletion, complemented by leader's competence. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3943072
  • Zivkovic, S. (2022). Empathy in leadership: how it enhances effectiveness. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 454-467.