Culture supernatants from cholangiocarcinoma cell lines induce the M2 phenotype of primary human monocytes.

This study aimed to elucidate the immunosuppressive characteristics of Cholangiocarcinoma or CCA by investigating the role of culture supernatants from four selected CCA cell lines, representing two major types of CCA (intra and extrahepatic CCA), on the induction of M2-polarized macrophages. The specific signaling molecules and underlying mechanisms will also be investigated.