A Critical Review of Factors Affecting Health-Seeking Behavior Among Adolescent Mothers in Nigeria: Towards Inclusive and Targeted Interventions
Contributors
Hosting institution:
Description
Background: Adolescent motherhood poses significant public health challenges, marked by adverse maternal health outcomes. Adolescent mothers face a higher risk of pregnancy complications and death than their older counterparts, yet they exhibit improper health-seeking behavior in the uptake of maternal health services (MHS). Understanding the factors affecting health-seeking behavior in the uptake of MHS among adolescent mothers remains limited and inadequately understood. This study aims to identify those factors affecting health-seeking behavior in the uptake of maternal health services among adolescent mothers in Nigeria.
Methodology: This study employed a literature review approach, drawing from databases such as Elsevier, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar, utilizing the socioecological model as an analytical framework to comprehensively explore the factors affecting health-seeking behaviour in the uptake of maternal health services among adolescent mothers in Nigeria. The geographical focus extends to West African countries with similar contexts.
Findings: The findings reveal multilevel factors contributing to flawed health-seeking behavior and low MHS utilization among adolescent mothers, encompassing education disparities, poverty, limited autonomy, weak support systems, stigmatization, judgmental healthcare attitudes, and accessibility barriers.
Conclusion and Health implications: The study underscores the imperative of integrating adolescent-friendly MHS within Nigeria's maternal health framework to address specific needs and calls for tailored policies and interventions targeting adolescent mothers, particularly in underserved areas, to bridge existing disparities in maternal health service access and further enhance health outcomes.
Files
Files
(314.5 kB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:75d2b5b16b97794125afebe04d523836
|
314.5 kB | Download |
Additional details
Related works
- Is published in
- Journal: 10.5281/zenodo.13918652 (DOI)
- Journal: 3066-3202 (ISSN)
Dates
- Accepted
-
2024-10-11
References
- 1. Diabelková J, Rimárová K, Dorko E, Urdzík P, Houžvičková A, Argalášová Ľ. Adolescent pregnancy outcomes and risk factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5):0-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054113
- 2. World Health Organization. Adolescent pregnancy. WHO Fact sheet. Published 2023. Accessed October 10, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
- 3. Nam JY, Oh SS, Park EC. The association between adequate prenatal care and severe maternal morbidity among teenage pregnancies: a population-based cohort study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:782143. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.782143
- 4. Lambonmung A, Acheampong CA, Langkulsen U. The effects of pregnancy: a systematic review of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;20(1):605. doi:10.3390/ijerph20010605
- 5. Adah O, Sunday G, Mohammed K, et al. The role of the World Health Organisation and related funds on maternal and child health in Nigeria. Health Innovation Review. 2023;2(2):14-31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372538575_The_role_of_the_World_Health_Organisation_and_related_funds_on_maternal_and_child_health_in_Nigeria
- 6. Akeju DO, Oladapo OT, Vidler M, et al. Determinants of health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy in Ogun State, Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2016;13(Suppl 1):32. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0139-7
- 7. Adebowale SA, Akinyemi JO. Determinants of maternal utilization of health services and nutritional status in a rural community in South-West Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2016;20(2):72-85. doi:10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i2.8
- 8. Alex-Ojei CA, Odimegwu CO, Ntoimo LFC. A qualitative investigation into pregnancy experiences and maternal healthcare utilisation among adolescent mothers in Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2023;20(1):77. doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01613-z.
- 9. Singh N, Sethi A. Endometritis - Diagnosis,Treatment and its impact on fertility - A Scoping Review. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2022;26(3):538-546. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20220015
- 10. Maheshwari MV, Khalid N, Patel PD, Alghareeb R, Hussain A. Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2022;14(6):e25921. doi:10.7759/cureus.25921
- 11. Oyeyemi AL, Aliyu SU, Sa'ad F, et al. Association between adolescent motherhood and maternal and child health indices in Maiduguri, Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):e024017. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024017
- 12. Akeju DO, Oladapo OT, Vidler M, et al. Determinants of health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy in Ogun State, Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2016;13(Suppl 1):32. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0139-7.
- 13. Asante KO, Kugbey N, Osafo J, Quarshie EN-B, Sarfo JO. The prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours (ideation, plan and attempt) among adolescents in senior high schools in Ghana. SSM Popul Health. 2017;3:427-434. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.005
- 14. Oppong J, Moore A, Hudak P, Ebeniro J. The geography of maternal mortality in Nigeria. In: Geographies of Health and Development. 2020:49-64. doi:10.4324/9781315584379-10
- 15. Folorunsho-Francis A. Nigeria's maternal mortality rate worst in the world - Ehanire. Healthwise blog. Accessed November 1, 2023. https://healthwise
- 16. World Health Organization. Maternal mortality. WHO Fact sheet. Published 2023. Accessed October 10, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
- 17. Yakubu I, Salisu WJ. Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):15. doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0460-4
- 18. Mekonnen T, Dune T, Perz J. Maternal health service utilisation of adolescent women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:366. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2501-6
- 19. Noori N, Proctor JL, Efevbera Y, Oron AP. Effect of adolescent pregnancy on child mortality in 46 countries. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(5).doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007681
- 20.World Health Organization. Newborns: improving survival and well-being. 2020. Accessed November 2, 2023. Newborn mortality (who.int)
- 21. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Under-five mortality - UNICEF data. 2023. Accessed November 2, 2023. Child Mortality - UNICEF DATA
- 22. Mekwunyei LC, Odetola TD. Determinants of maternal health service utilisation among pregnant teenagers in Delta State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37:81. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.37.81.16051
- 23. Otu A, Ukpeh I, Okuzu O, Yaya S. Leveraging mobile health applications to improve sexual and reproductive health services in Nigeria: implications for practice and policy. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):1-5. doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01051-2
- 24. Ajegbile ML. Closing the gap in maternal health access and quality through targeted investments in low-resource settings. J Glob Heal Reports. 2023;7(1):1-5. doi:10.29392/joghr.2023.000001.
- 25. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Maternal mortality UNICEF data. 2021. Accessed November 2, 2023. Maternal mortality rates and statistics - UNICEF DATA
- 26. Suzuki EMI, K Charles, M Samuel. Progress in reducing maternal mortality has stagnated and we are not on track to achieve the SDG target: new UN report. World Bank Blogs. Published 2023. Accessed November 2, 2023. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/progress-reducing-maternal-mortality-has-stagnated-and-we-are-not-track-achieve-sdg-target
- 27. Our World in Data team. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 2023. Accessed November 2, 2023. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages - Our World in Data
- 28.UN Women SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 2023. Accessed November 2, 2023. In focus: Women and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 3: Good health and well-being | UN Women – Headquarters
- 29.World Health Organization. SDG Target 3.1 | Maternal mortality: By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births. 2023. Accessed November 2, 2023. SDG Target 3.1 | Maternal mortality: By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births (who.int)
- 30. Adedokun ST, Uthman OA, Bisiriyu LA. Determinants of partial and adequate maternal health services utilization in Nigeria: analysis of cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):457. doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05712-4
- 31. Aliyu L, Kadas AS, Mohammed A, et al. Impediments to maternal mortality reduction in Africa: a systemic and socioeconomic overview. J Perinat Med. 2022;51(2):202-207. doi:10.1515/jpm-2022-0052
- 32. Mekonnen T, Dune T, Perz J. Maternal health service utilisation of adolescent women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):366. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2501-6
- 33. Idowu A, Olowookere SA, Abiola OO, Akinwumi AF, Adegbenro C. Determinants of skilled care utilization among pregnant women residents in an urban community in Kwara State, Northcentral Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2017;27(3):291-298. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v27i3.11
- 34. Okoli CI, Hajizadeh M, Rahman MM, Velayutham E, Khanam R. Socioeconomic inequalities in teenage pregnancy in Nigeria: evidence from Demographic Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1729. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14146-0
- 35. Soumah, A. , Balde, M. , Camara, B. , Kourouma, K. , Diallo, A. , Sall, A. , Toure, A. , Diallo, R. , Camara, S. and Cherif, I. (2022) Factors Associated with the Continuum of Prenatal Care in the Post-Ebola Context in Guinea. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 12, 207-220. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2022.122017.
- 36.World Health Organization. More than 1.2 million adolescents die every year, nearly all preventable. 2017. Accessed June 13, 2021. More than 1.2 million adolescents die every year, nearly all preventable (who.int)
- 37. Mekonnen T, Dune T, Perz J. Maternal health service utilisation of adolescent women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):191. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2501-6
- 38. March of Dimes. Maternal death and pregnancy-related death. 2021. Accessed November 2, 2023. Maternal death and pregnancy-related death | March of Dimes
- 39. Brindis CD, Decker MJ, Gutmann-Gonzalez A, Berglas NF. Perspectives on Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Strategies in the United States: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2022;13:107-108. doi: 10.2147/AHMT.S402218
- 40. Shitie A, Assefa N, Dhressa M, Dilnessa T. Completion and factors associated with maternity continuum of care among mothers who gave birth in the last one year in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2020;2020:7019676. doi:10.1155/2020/7019676
- 41. Stowasser T, Heiss F, McFadden D, Winter J. Healthy, Wealthy and Wise?" Revisited: An Analysis of the Causal Pathways from Socio-economic Status to Health. Natl Bur Econ Res. Published online 2011:267-317. doi: 10.3386/w17273
- 42. Olibamoyo O, Ola B, Coker O, Adewuya A, Onabola A. Trends and patterns of suicidal behaviour in Nigeria: mixed-methods analysis of media reports from 2016 to 2019. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2021;27:1572. doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1572
- 43. Alex-Ojei CA, Odimegwu CO. Correlates of antenatal care usage among adolescent mothers in Nigeria: a pooled data analysis. J Adolesc. 2021;61(1):38-49. doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1844359
- 44.. Banke-Thomas A, Banke-Thomas O, Kivuvani M, Ameh CA. Maternal health services utilisation by Kenyan adolescent mothers: analysis of the Demographic Health Survey 2014. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2017;12:37-46. doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2017.02.004
- 45. Banke-Thomas OE, Banke-Thomas AO, Ameh CA. Factors influencing utilisation of maternal health services by adolescent mothers in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):65. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1246-3
- 46. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 2018. Accessed May 31, 2021. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals (who.int)
- 47. Okedo-Alex IN, Akamike IC, Ezeanosike OB, Uneke CJ. Determinants of antenatal care utilisation in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e031890. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-03189048.
- 48. Mekwunyei LC, Odetola TD. Determinants of maternal health service utilisation among pregnant teenagers in Delta State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37:81. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.37.81.16051
- 49. Khaki J, Sithole L. Factors associated with the utilization of postnatal care services among Malawian women. Malawi Med J. 2019;31(1):2-11. doi:10.4314/mmj.v31i1.2
- 50. Bolarinwa OA, Sakyi B, Ahinkorah BO, et al. Spatial Patterns and Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Antenatal Care Visits in Nigeria: Insight from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(10):1389. doi:10.3390/healthcare9101389
- 51. Imo, Chukwuechefulam & Isiugo-Abanihe, Uche & Chikezie, David. Socioeconomic determinants of under-five children health outcome among childbearing mothers in Abia state, Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 2017;9(2):17-27. doi: 10.5897/IJSA2016.0678.
- 52. Weitzman A. The effects of women's education on maternal health: evidence from Peru. Soc Sci Med. 2017;180:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.004
- 53. Ogu RN, Agholor KN, Okonofua FE. Engendering the attainment of the SDG-3 in Africa: overcoming the socio-cultural factors contributing to maternal mortality. Afr J Reprod Health. 2016;20(3):62-74. doi:10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i3.11
- 54 Onwujekwe O, Ezumah N, Mbachu C, et al. Exploring effectiveness of different health financing mechanisms in Nigeria: what needs to change and how can it happen? BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:661. doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4512-4
- 55. National Population Commission. 2018 Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings. 2019. Accessed April 5, 2021. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR264/SR264.pdf
- 56. Adedokun ST, Uthman OA. Women who have not utilized health services for delivery in Nigeria: who are they and where do they live? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):93. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2242-6
- 57. Kifle D, Azale T, Gelaw YA, Melsew YA. Maternal health care service seeking behaviors and associated factors among women in rural Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia: a triangulated community-based cross-sectional study. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):6. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0270-5
- 58. World Health Organization. Health financing policy brief no. 6 - purchasing health services for universal health coverage: how to make it more strategic? 2019. WHO-UCH-HGF-PolicyBrief-19.6-eng.pdf
- 59. Somefun OD, Ibisomi L. Determinants of postnatal care non-utilization among women in Nigeria. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:21. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1823-3
- 60. Rai RK, Singh PK, Kumar C, Singh L. Factors associated with the utilization of maternal health care services among adolescent women in Malawi. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;32(2):106-125. doi:10.1080/01621424.2013.779354
- 61. Oguntunde O, Nyenwa J, Yusuf F, Dauda DS, Salihu A, Sinai I. Factors associated with the knowledge of obstetric danger signs, and perceptions of the need for obstetric care amongst married young women in northern Nigeria. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2021;13(1):2557. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.2557
- 62. Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016-40. Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1783-1798. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30697-4
- 63.Premium Times. Basic Health Care Provision Fund: A Slow Start to a Long Journey. 2021. Accessed August 7, 2021. Basic Health Care Provision Fund: A Slow Start to a Long Journey (premiumtimesng.com)
- 64.The World Bank. Nigeria releases new report on poverty and inequality in country. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0064942/DR0092448/Global_POVEQ_NGA.pdf?versionId=2024-04-16T15:19:00.4018291Z
- 65.Statista. Nigeria: poverty rate, by state 2019. 2021. Accessed May 31, 2021. Nigeria: poverty rate, by state | Statista
- 66. Okpani AI, Abimbola S. The midwives service scheme: a qualitative comparison of contextual determinants of the performance of two states in central Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:1-16. doi:10.1186/s41256-016-0017-4
- 67. Ochieng CA, Odhiambo AS. Barriers to formal health care seeking during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period: a qualitative study in Siaya County in rural Kenya. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):339. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2485-2
- 68.Chibueze Nwadinobi G, Chima FO, Ojobah C. Social Economic Determinants of Maternal Mortality in Rural Communities of Umuahia North Local Government Area in Abia State, Nigeria. Int J Humanit Soc Sci Rev. 2020;6(3):1-9. 1-5.pdf (ijhssrnet.com)
- 69. Shahabuddin A, Delvaux T, Nöstlinger C, et al. Maternal health care-seeking behaviour of married adolescent girls: A prospective qualitative study in Banke District, Nepal. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0217968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217968
- 70. Shahabuddin A, Nöstlinger C, Delvaux T, et al. Exploring maternal health care-seeking behavior of married adolescent girls in Bangladesh: a social-ecological approach. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169109. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169109
- 71.Gopalakrishnan S, Anantha Eashwar VM, Muthulakshmi M. Health-seeking behaviour among antenatal and postnatal rural women in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu: a cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(3):1035-1042. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_323_18
- 72. Okafor II, Ugwu EO, Obi SN. Disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in a low-income country. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;128(2):110-113. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.08.015
- 73. Kruk ME, Kujawski S, Mbaruku G, Ramsey K, Moyo W, Freedman LP. Disrespectful and abusive treatment during facility delivery in Tanzania: a facility and community survey. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33(1):e26-e33. doi:10.1093/heapol/czu079
- 74. Aziato L, Odai PNA, Omenyo CN. Religious beliefs and practices in pregnancy and labour: an inductive qualitative study among post-partum women in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:138. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0920-1
- 75. Alemayehu M, Meskele M. Health care decision making autonomy of women from rural districts of Southern Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:213–221. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S131139
- 76. Osamor P, Grady C. Factors associated with women's health care decision-making autonomy: empirical evidence from Nigeria. Health Policy Plan. 2018;50(1):70-85. doi:10.1017/S0021932017000037
- 77. Brizuela V, Tunçalp Ö. Global initiatives in maternal and newborn health. Perspect Public Health. 2017;10(1):21-25. doi:10.1177/1753495X16684987
- 78. Azuh D, Fayomi O, Ajayi L. Socio-cultural factors of gender roles in women's healthcare utilization in Southwest Nigeria. J Soc Sci. 2015;3(4):1-10. doi:10.4236/jss.2015.34013
- 79. Uche EO. Factors affecting health seeking behaviour among rural dwellers in Nigeria and its implication on rural livelihood. Eur J Soc Sci Stud. 2017;2(2). doi:10.46827/ejsss.v0i0.70.
- 80. Chukwuma A, Ekhator-Mobayode UE. Armed conflict and maternal health care utilization: Evidence from the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 2019;226:104-112. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.055
- 81. Dada AA. Factors affecting maternal health seeking behaviour in a Yoruba community of Nigeria: An analysis of socio-cultural beliefs and practices. PhD thesis. University of Kwa-Zulu-Nata; 2019. Accessed July 1, 2021. Factors affecting maternal health seeking behaviour in a Yoruba community of Nigeria: an analysis of socio-cultural beliefs and practices. (ukzn.ac.za)
- 82. MCSP Nigeria. Sokoto State Family Planning Costed Implementation Plan. 2018. Accessed October 9, 2024. https://www.mcsprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2018/12/MSCP-Nigeria-Sokoto-FTYP.pdf
- 83. Human Rights Watch. Leave No Girl Behind in Africa: Discrimination in Education Against Pregnant Girls and Adolescent Mothers. 2018. Accessed October 9, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/06/14/leave-no-girl-behind-africa/discrimination-education-against-pregnant-girls-and
- 84. Africa Check. Understanding Nigeria's Teenage Pregnancy Burden. 2021. https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/factsheets/factsheet-understanding-nigerias-teenage-pregnancy-burden
- 85. Aládésanmí Ọ́A, Ògúnjìnmí ÍB. Yorùbá thoughts and beliefs in childbirth and child moral upbringing: a cultural perspective. Adv Appl Sociol. 2019;9(12):41041. doi:10.4236/aasoci.2019.912041
- 86. Agunbiade OJ, Titilayo A, Opatola M. Pregnancy stigmatization and coping strategies of adolescent mothers in two Yoruba communities, Southwestern Nigeria. Paper presented at: XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference; September 27–October 2, 2009; Marrakech, Morocco.
- 87. Hackett K, Lenters L, Vandermorris A, LaFleur C, Newton S, Ndeki S, Zlotkin S. How can engagement of adolescents in antenatal care be enhanced? Learning from the perspectives of young mothers in Ghana and Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:184. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2326-3
- 88. Namadi HM, Msughter AE. Survey of reproductive health information seeking behaviour among pregnant women in some selected hospitals in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Biology and Medicine. 2020;30(5):23699-23708. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2020.30.005006
- 89. Olonade O, Olawande TI, Alabi OJ, Imhonopi D. Maternal mortality and maternal health care in Nigeria: implications for socio-economic development. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Mar 14;7(5):849-855. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.041
- 90. Fagbamigbe AF, Idemudia ES. Wealth and antenatal care utilization in Nigeria: policy implications. Health & Social Work. 2017 Jan;38(1):17-37. doi:10.1080/07399332.2016.1225743
- 91. Agho KE, Ezeh OK, Ogbo FA, Enoma AI, Raynes-Greenow C. Factors associated with inadequate receipt of components and use of antenatal care services in Nigeria: a population-based study. International Health. 2018 May 1;10(3):172-181. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihy011
- 92. Oyedele D. Nigeria's incidence of teenage pregnancies is unacceptably high. D+C - Development + Cooperation. 2017. Accessed May 13, 2021. Face the truth (dandc.eu)
- 93. Iacoella F, Tirivayi N. Determinants of maternal healthcare utilization among married adolescents: evidence from 13 sub-Saharan African countries. Public Health. 2019;175:119-129. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.07.002
- 94. Garces A, McClure EM, Chomba E, et al. Home birth attendants in low income countries: who are they and what do they do? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012 May 14;12:34. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-34
- 95. El-Hadj Imorou S. Socio-economic and health determinants of rural households consent to prepay for their health care in N'Dali (North of Benin). Open Journal of Social Sciences. 2020;8:348-360. doi:10.4236/jss.2020.85024
- 96. Mbaya N. Influence of Social-Cultural Factors on Women Preference for Traditional Birth Attendants Services: A Case of Nakuru County, Kenya. Master's thesis. Kenyatta University; 2017. Influence of Social-cultural Factors on Women Preference for Traditional Birth Attendants Services: a Case of Nakuru County, Kenya (uonbi.ac.ke)
- 97. White D, Dynes M, Rubardt M, Sissoko K, Stephenson R. The influence of intrafamilial power on maternal health care in Mali: perspectives of women, men, and mothers-in-law. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2013 Jun;39(2):58-68. doi:10.1363/3905813
- 98. Ilyn W. Factors determining antenatal health seeking behavior of adolescent mothers at the antenatal clinic in Naivasha District Hospital, Kenya. Master's thesis, University of Nairobi; 2012. Accessed June 26, 2021. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/8288/Wiysanyuy_Factors%20Determining%20Antenatal%20Health%20Seeking%20Behaviuor%20Of%20Adolescent%20Mothers%20
- 99. Health think analytics. Adolescent pregnancies and its implications on the female child. Health Think Analytics blog. Accessed August 1, 2021. https://www.healththinkanalytics.com/adolescent-pregnancies-and-its-implications-on-the-female-child/
- 100. Okeke SR, Idriss-Wheeler D, Yaya S. Adolescent pregnancy in the time of COVID-19: what are the implications for sexual and reproductive health and rights globally? Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):207. doi:10.1186/s12978-022-01505-8
- 101. Olakunde BO, Adeyinka DA, Mavegam BO, et al. Factors associated with skilled attendants at birth among married adolescent girls in Nigeria: evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2016/2017. Int Health. 2019 Nov 13;11(6):545-550. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz017
- 102. Dafi M, Lackshman IM, Abeysinghe D, Jidda KI. Socio-cultural and health-seeking beliefs in maternal health care utilization among women in rural Nigeria. Int J Edu. 2018;1:1-10. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://ijessr.com/link.php?id=81
- 103. Roberts J, Hopp Marshak H, Sealy D-A, Manda-Taylor L, Mataya R, Gleason P. The role of cultural beliefs in accessing antenatal care in Malawi: a qualitative study. Public Health Nursing. 2017;34(1):42-49. doi:10.1111/phn.12242
- 104. Al-Mujtaba M, Cornelius LJ, Galadanci H, Erekaha S, Okundaye JN, Adeyemi OA, Sam-Agudu NA. Evaluating religious influences on the utilization of maternal health services among Muslim and Christian women in North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Maternity and Neonatal Health. 2016:3645415. doi:10.1155/2016/3645415
- 105. Ganle JK. Why Muslim women in Northern Ghana do not use skilled maternal healthcare services at health facilities: a qualitative study. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2015;15:10. doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0048-9
- 106. Pushpalata NK, Chandrika KB. Health care seeking behaviour-A theoretical perspective. Paripex Indian J Res. 2017;6(1):790-2. doi: 10.30106/PARIPEX
- 107. Balde MD, Diallo BA, Bangoura A et al. Perceptions and experiences of the mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities in Guinea: a qualitative study with women and service providers. Reproductive Health. 2017;14:3. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0266-1
- 108. Ndegwa MN. Factors influencing uptake of antenatal care in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. Master's thesis. University of Kenya Methodist University.; 2019. Accessed August 1, 2021. http://repository.kemu.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/681/Ndegwa%20Mwanyoha.pdf;jsessionid=FD443D27F10E523F8BCCCDC2ED159518?sequence=1
- 109. Kola L, Bennett IM, Bhat A, et al. Stigma and utilization of treatment for adolescent perinatal depression in Ibadan Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):294. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-02970-4
- 110. Edu BC, Agan TU, Monjok E, Makowiecka K. Effect of free maternal health care program on health-seeking behaviour of women during pregnancy, intra-partum and postpartum periods in Cross River State of Nigeria: a mixed method study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(3):370–382. Published online 2017 Jun 11. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2017.075
- 111. Ekpenyong MS. Challenges of maternal and prenatal care in Nigeria. January 2019. doi:10.21767/2471-8505.100125
- 112. Ajayi AI, Athero S, Muga W, Kabiru CW. Lived experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents in Africa: A scoping review. Reprod Health. 2023;20(1):113. doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01654-4
- 113. Girum T, Wasie A. Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries: an ecological study in 82 countries. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3:19. doi:10.1186/s40748-017-0059-8
- 114. Akaba G, Dirisu O, Okunade K, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on utilization of maternal, newborn and child health services in Nigeria: protocol for a country-level mixed-methods study. F1000Res. 2020;9:1106. doi:10.12688/f1000research.26283.2
- 115. Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, et al. The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Med. 2019;17:31. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3
- 116. Pant S, Koirala S, Subedi M. Access to maternal health services during COVID-19. EJMS. 2020;2(2).doi:10.46405/ejms.v2i2.110
- 117. Ishola F, Owolabi O, Filippi V. Disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth in Nigeria: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0174084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174084
- 118. Afulani PA, Kelly AM, Buback L, et al. Providers' perceptions of disrespect and abuse during childbirth: a mixed-methods study in Kenya. Health Policy Plan. 2020;35(5):577-586. doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa009
- 119.Ziblim S-D, Yidana A, Mohammed A-R. Determinants of Antenatal Care Utilization among Adolescent Mothers in the Yendi Municipality of Northern Region, Ghana. Ghana J Geogr. 2018;10(1):78-97. Determinants of Antenatal Care Utilization among Adolescent Mothers in the Yendi Municipality of Northern Region, Ghana | Ghana Journal of Geography (ajol.info)
- 120. Owolabi O, Wong KLM, Dennis ML, et al. Comparing the use and content of antenatal care in adolescent and older first-time mothers in 13 countries of West Africa: a cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. E Clinical Medicine. 2017;1(3):203-212. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30025-1
- 121. The World Bank. Development Projects: Nigeria - Program to Support Saving One Million Lives - P146583. 2022. Accessed July 30, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/what-we-do
- 122. Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med. 2016;46(2):327-343. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001981
- 123. World Health Organization. Key Country Indicators | Nigeria - key indicators. WHO. 2016. Accessed June 7, 2021. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators
- 124. Antsaklis A, Papamichail M, Antsaklis P. Maternal mortality: What are women dying from? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;14(1):64–69 https://www.dsjuog.com/doi/pdf/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1626
- 125. United Nations Fund for Population Activities. The Social determinants of maternal death and disability. 2012. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/social-determinants-maternal-death-and-disability
- 126. Speizer IS, Story WT, Singh K. Factors associated with institutional delivery in Ghana: the role of decision-making autonomy and community norms. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:398. doi:10.1186/s12884-014-0398-7
- 127. Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med. 2016;46(2):327-343. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001981
- 128. Namutebi M, Kabahinda D, Mbalinda SN, et al. Teenage first-time mothers' perceptions about their health care needs in the immediate and early postpartum period in Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:743. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05062-7
- 129. Mannava P, Durrant K, Fisher J, Chersich M, Luchters S. Attitudes and behaviours of maternal health care providers in interactions with clients: a systematic review. Global Health. 2015;11:36. doi:10.1186/s12992-015-0117-9
- 130. Govender D, Taylor M, Naidoo S. Adolescent pregnancy and parenting: perceptions of healthcare providers. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1607–1628. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S258576
- 131. Pampati S, Liddon N, Dittus PJ, Hocevar Adkins S, Steiner RJ. Confidentiality matters but how do we improve implementation in adolescent sexual and reproductive health care? J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(3):315-322. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.021
- 132. Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18.doi:10.1002/cl2.1230